Neonates have limited exposure to antigens in utero, thus leaving them with the immaturity in adaptive immunity during infancy [4, 13]. Mounting evidence has shown several deficiencies of adaptive immunity in neonates and infants for both cell- and antibody-mediated responses. For example, in addition to low numbers of effector-memory GDC-0068 cell line T cells (CD45RA−CD45RO+) and memory-effector B cells (CD27+), large numbers of both recent thymic emigrants of T cells recently produced by the thymus and transitional B cells produced recently
in the BM are present in the circulation during infancy [4, 16, 17]. These recent thymic emigrants exhibit a defect in their acquisition of the Th1 function, whereas transitional B cells are less functionally effective than mature naive B cells. Thus, the predominance of both transitional T cells and B cells may contribute to the vulnerability of neonates and infants to infection with intracellular pathogens. Furthermore, the adaptive immune system of neonates and infants is also characterized with defective NK cell activities, slow development of the CD4+ T-cell response, delayed, shortened, and reduced antibody responses, less efficient in the production of Th1-polarizing cytokines including type I IFN (or bias
to the Th2-type response), and decreased MHC class II expression on APCs [13, 15, 18-20]. Due to the immature state of the adaptive immune system, neonates and infants are thought to rely more heavily on their innate immunity against microbial infection [4, 21]. Furthermore, a recent study revealed that survival from selleck screening library polymicrobial sepsis MRIP in murine neonates was neither dependent on an intact adaptive immune system nor affected by the T-cell–directed adaptive immune modulation [22], which highlights the increased importance of the innate immune response during microbial sepsis in neonates
and infants. Both macrophages and PMNs, the professional phagocytes, are highly specialized innate effector cells and have evolved for the killing of microbial pathogens. The innate immunity-mediated antimicrobial response to bacterial infection is initiated by the receptor-associated recognition of invading pathogens, and subsequently, these invaded pathogens are engulfed by the professional phagocytes including macrophages and PMNs via phagocytic receptors and killed within the phagocyte through a process of phagosome/lysosome fusion, which is essential for host innate immunity to limit microbial infection [23-25]. However, the innate immunity-mediated antimicrobial response during microbial sepsis remains poorly defined in neonates and infants. Here, we show that infant PMNs, characterized with reduced expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR2, exhibit diminished in vitro chemotaxis and in vivo recruitment, whereas infant macrophages display impaired phagosome maturation and reduced killing of the ingested bacteria.
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