With the disease still thriving and threatening to be a major source of death and disability selleck chemicals due to changed environmental and socio-economic conditions, it is necessary to make a critical assessment of the existing models, and study their evolution and
efficacy in describing the host-parasite biology. In this article, starting from the basic Ross model, the key mathematical models and their underlying features, based on their specific contributions in the understanding of spread and transmission of malaria have been discussed. The first aim of this article is to develop, starting from the basic models, a hierarchical structure of a range of deterministic models of different levels of complexity. The second objective is to elaborate, using some of the representative mathematical models, the evolution of modelling strategies to describe malaria incidence by including the critical features of host-vector-parasite interactions. Emphasis is more on the evolution of the deterministic differential equation based epidemiological compartment models with a brief discussion on data based statistical models. In this comprehensive survey, the approach has been to summarize the modelling activity in this area so that it helps reach a wider range of researchers working on epidemiology, transmission, and other aspects of malaria. This may facilitate the mathematicians to further develop suitable models in this
direction relevant to the present scenario, and help the biologists JNK-IN-8 cell line and public health
personnel to adopt better understanding of the modelling strategies to control the disease”
“This work discusses two processes for producing urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. One Galardin supplier is the alkaline-acid process, which has three steps: usually an alkaline methylolation followed by an acid condensation and finally the addition of a final amount of urea. The other process, the strongly acid process, consists of four steps, in which the first step involves a strongly acid condensation followed by an alkaline methylolation, a second condensation under a moderately acid pH and finally, methylolation and neutralization under a slight alkaline pH. Two resins were produced using the two above described processes. The molecular weight distribution (MWD) of the resins was monitored off-line by GPC/SEC and the final resins were characterized by GPC/SEC and HPLC. These studies showed that the two resins differ greatly in chemical structure, composition, viscosity, and reactivity. The monitoring of MWD indicated that the first condensation under a strongly acid environment leads to the production of a polymer with a distinctly different chemical structure, therefore increasing the flexibility of polymer synthesis and opening the way to the improvement of end-use properties. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123: 1764-1772, 2012″
“The flower-like reproductive structure of Euphorbia s.l.
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