candidate for prophylaxis and therapy of NPC in endemic regions.The Chinese medicinal herb, Panax notoginseng, has long been used to treat bone fractures and Panax JAK Inhibitors notoginseng saponins (PNS) could promote bone formation. Here, we investigated whether PNS could promote osteogenesis of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) through modulating the MAPK signaling pathways, which are implicated in BMSC osteogenesis. We found that PNS markedly increased the mineralization of BMSCs by alizarin red S assays and stimulate alkaline phosphatase activity of these cells.
Additionally, PNS significantly increased the mRNA levels of alkaline phosphatase, Ramelteon core-binding factor a1, and bone sialoprotein while decreasing PPAR 2 mRNA levels. Furthermore, inhibitors of ERK, PD98059, and p38, SB203580 inhibited the osteogenesis-potentiating effects by PNS. PNS stimulated the activation of ERK and p38 as evidenced by increased phosphorylation of these proteins, which was inhibited by PD98059 and SB203580. Our findings indicate that PNS could promote BMSC osteogenesis by activating the ERK and p38 signaling pathways.Osteoporosis is a disorder in which there is a net bone loss with an increased risk of bone fracture because of an imbalance between osteoclast-mediated bone resorption and osteoblast-mediated bone formation . The disorder poses a major public health threat in societies where aging has Indole-3-carbinol 700-06-1 become a significant issue for the society .
Currently, there are several therapeutic options available to combat osteoporosis with an aim to inhibit bone resorption by osteoclasts and/or increase bone formation by Patupilone 152044-54-7 osteoblasts . Estrogen replacement therapy has been the most popular treatment for osteoporosis in the last decade . However, prolonged use of estrogen increases the risk of breast cancer and endometrial cancer, coronary heart disease or stroke, and 368 venous thromboembolic diseases [5-8]. Biophosphonate therapy though it inhibits bone resorption by osteoclasts, could cause severe incapacitating bone, joint, and/or muscle pain [9, 10]. Noticeably, the suppression of bone turnover by bisphosphonates may eventually lead to an accumulation of fatigue-induced damage, thus potentially offsetting their beneficial effects on the osteoporotic bone [11, 12].
Therefore, development of agents with an anabolic effect on the osteoporotic bone could provide a new alternative for treating osteoporosis . The proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells were found to associate with bone healing capacity such as for the osteoporotic bone . Osteoblasts originate from bone marrow stromal cells, which have the potential to differentiate into several different lineages, including osteoblasts, chondroblasts, adipocytes and myoblasts. Of these lineages, the cytogenetics osteogenic and adipogenic lineages are closely related [14, 15]. An inverse relationship has been found between the trabecular bone volume and the amount of adipose tissue in the bone marrow [16-18]. An imbalance between osteoblasts and adipocytes is present in the osteoporotic bone, especially in the age-related osteoporotic bone that is accompanied by an increase in the number of adipocytes in the bone marrow . Therefore, it can be inferred that specific inhibition of bone marrow adipogenesis.
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