Validity analyses confirmed that these groups differed significantly on multiple elements of smoking behavior (all ps < .001). Persistent experimenters: smoked more days in the http://www.selleckchem.com/products/Sorafenib-Tosylate.html past thirty days (baseline t = 8.63, persistent M = 3.76, transient M = .60; 6 month t = 12.91, persistent M = 6.97, transient M = .40), were more likely to have smoked daily (baseline ��2 = 13.78, 6-month ��2 = 39.44), and demonstrated higher levels of nicotine dependence on the modified Fagerstrom (baseline t = 6.40; 6-month t = 8.79; Prokhorov, Koehly, Pallonen, & Hudmon, 1998).
Parental Smoking Status Parents�� smoking status was derived from responses to the questions ��Have you ever tried smoking a cigarette?�� ��Have you ever smoked cigarettes on a daily basis?�� and ��Do you currently smoke cigarettes on a regular basis?�� Parents were classified as current smokers (mothers = 23% and fathers = 26%), former smokers (mothers = 22% and fathers = 28%), and ��nonsmokers�� (combining parents who had experimented but never smoked regularly and those who had never smoked: mothers = 55% and fathers = 46%). Of note, nearly 90% of mothers and fathers had experience with smoking. Smoking-Specific Socialization Parental smoking messages were measured with seven items (Henriksen & Jackson, 1998; Middlecamp-Kodl & Mermelstein, 2004). Adolescents were asked to rate the frequency of verbal antismoking statements voiced by their parents (e.g., ��smoking can give you cancer��; ��smoking is addictive��) on a 3-point scale (1 = never, 2 = once-twice, and 3 = several times).
Responses were averaged to create the overall score��higher scores indicated a greater frequency of antismoking messages. Parental reactions to youth smoking (Chassin, Presson, Todd, Rose & Sherman, 1998; Middlecamp-Kodl & Mermelstein, 2004) were assessed with 14 items (e.g., ��If you found out your child tried smoking �� would you �� ��act disappointed,�� ��talk to your child about why s/he did it,�� ��take something away like treats or allowance��). Responses ranged from 1 (yes, definitely) to 5 (no way). Principal axis factor analyses yielded three factors: Consequences (three items, �� = .87), Emotional Reactions (eight items, �� = .75), and communication (three items, �� = .81). Results Aim I: Demonstrate AV-951 meaningful variability in observed family communications about smoking between experimenting teens and their parents IA: Examine distribution and range of FTAS scores FTAS means, SDs, and trichotomized frequencies are presented in Table 1. Parents and adolescents exhibited behavior across the range of the codes, indicating good variability. All codes used the full 9-point range of the scale.
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