53,54 Still, the widespread dimorphisms in animals (as well as the demonstrations of sexual dimorphisms in brain structure and physiology in humans)55 provide a basis for inferring the mechanisms underlying reported gender dimorphisms in depression and other psychiatric disorders, ie, differences in prevalence, phenomenology (including characteristic symptoms, age of onset, susceptibility to recurrence, and stress responsivity), and treatment response characteristics. Sexual dimorphisms Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Sexual dimorphisms in depression Depression differs in women and men in a number of respects. Studies consistently demonstrate a twofold increased prevalence of
depression in women compared with men,56-59 and this increased prevalence has been observed in a variety of countries.58 A two- Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical to threefold increased prevalence of dysthymia and threefold increase in seasonal affective disorder in women has also been noted,60,61 while bipolar illness is equiprevalcnt in men and women56,62,63 (reviewed in reference 64). Prepubertal depression prevalence rates are not higher in girls,65,66 possibly reflecting ascertainment Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical bias (depressed boys may be more likely to come to the attention of health care providers)
or the possibility that prepubertal major depression is premonitory of bipolar illness.67 With some exceptions, the age of onset58,59,68-71 (but also see references 72 to 75), type of symptoms, severity, and likelihood of chronicity and recurrence58,59,68,72,76-78 (but also see references 79 to 83)
display few differences between men and women. Women are more likely to present with anxiety, atypical symptoms, or somatic symptoms60,68,72,81,83,85 are more likely to report symptoms Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (particularly in selfratings),60,68,85 are more likely to report antecedent stressful events,86,87 and manifest a more robust effect of stress on the likelihood of developing depression during adolescence.88 Women also display increased comorbidity of anxiety and eating disorders,73,89-91 thyroid disease,92,93 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and migraine headaches,94 as well as lower lifetime prevalence of substance abuse and dependence.72,73 Reported differences in treatment response characteristics in women compared with men include poor response to tricyclics95 -98 particularly in younger women,96 superior response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) GBA3 or monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs),99,100 and a greater likelihood of response to triiodothyronine (T3) augmentation.93 The extent to which these differences reflect gender-related differences in pharmacokinetics101-107 remains to be determined. Finally, while the prevalence of bipolar disorder is Oligomycin A research buy comparable in men and women, women are more likely to develop rapid cycling64 and may be more susceptible to antideprcssantinduced rapid cycling.108 It is one matter to identify sex-related differences in depression and quite another to interpret their meaning.
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