Previous studies using standard lymphocyte proliferation assays have reported significant reductions in T-lymphocyte responses to mitogen after medium- and long-duration intense exercise [52], which have been suggested to explain the observed high incidence of infections in elite athletes [53, 54]. These reductions of proliferative responses have been attributed to an increase in cell death of both CD4 and CD8 T lymphocytes, rather than to decrease in mitosis rate [55]. The molecular mechanisms
by which dietary nucleotides exert their effects are largely unknown, but recent findings have demonstrated that they affect the expression and activity of several transcriptional factors involved in cell growth, see more learn more differentiation and apoptosis [56]. Specifically exogenous nucleotides have shown to reduce the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor NR3C1, the upstream stimulatory factor USF1, NF-κB and the tumor protein p53. TP53 responds to diverse cellular stresses to regulate target genes that induce cell arrest, apoptosis and senescence [57]. Conclusion Our results suggest that exogenous nucleotides may have a protective effect on the on the markers selleck compound Immune response of athletes after strenuous exercise. According to the recent
findings, it could be hypothesized that this protection could be mediated by a preventive effect against apoptosis induced by different stress stimuli. However further studies are required to elucidate the mechanisms of action of dietary nucleotides, Selleck Sirolimus as well as to evaluate their potential in prevention of immune disturbances. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the participants that participated in this study as well as our fellow colleagues, at Centre d’Alt Rendiment (GIRSANE) who assisted with data collection. This study was funded by Bioiberica S.A. (Palafolls, Spain). All researchers involved independently collected, analyzed, and interpreted the results from this study and have no financial interests concerning the outcome of this investigation. The results from this study do not
constitute endorsement by the authors. References 1. Nieman DC: Exercise, upper respiratory tract infection and the immune system. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1994, 26:128–139.PubMedCrossRef 2. Petersen WE, Pedersen BK: Exercise and immune function – effect of nutrition. In Nutrition and Immune Function. Edited by: Calder PC, Fielf CJ, Gill HS. CABI Publishing, New York; 2002:347–355.CrossRef 3. Gleeson M: Immune function in sport and exercise. J Appl Physiol 2007, 103:693–699.PubMedCrossRef 4. Pedersen BK, Bruunsgaard H: How physical exercise influences the establishment of infections. Sports Med 1995, 19:393–400.PubMedCrossRef 5. Pyne DB: Regulation of neutrophil function during exercise. Sports Med 1994, 17:245–258.PubMedCrossRef 6.
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