For all complete models, 921 galls were observed. For models of simple effects within locations: Davis: n = 419 galls, Vacaville: n = 340 galls, Woodland: n = 162 galls Table 3 The effect of oak apple gall size, gall collection locality, and gall maturation date on the abundance of the dominant members
of the gall insect community dfe Gall size Gall locality Maturation date Interactions MANCOVA (Wilk’s lambda) 911 F = 94.7, P < 0.0001 F = 16.2, P < 0.0001 F = 21.7, P < 0.0001 size*locality F = 2.6, P = 0.002 size*date F = 5.0, P = 0.0001 locality*date F = 8.5, P = 0.0001 A. quercuscalifornicus (cynipid gall-inducer) 412 (+) Total: F = 215.5, P < 0.0001 F = 11.1, P < 0.0001 F = 2.5, P = 0.11 size*locality (+) Davis: t = 12.1, dfe = 199, P < 0.0001 F = 4.0, P = 0.02 (+) Vacaville: t = 10.1, dfe = 142, P < 0.0001 (+) Woodland: t = 8.2, dfe = 75, P < 0.0001 Smad pathway T. californicus (torymid parasitoid)
284 Total: F = 3.0, P = 0.08 F = 1.8, P = 0.16 F = 3.3, P = 0.07 size*locality Davis: t = −1.4, dfe = 136, P = 0.17 F = 5.4, P = 0.005 Vacaville: t = 0.1, dfe = 58, P = 0.95 (+) Woodland: t = 3.7, dfe = 94,P = 0.003 B. gigas (eulophid parasitoid) 335 F = 0.3, P = 0.58 F = 0.1, P = 0.90 (+)Total: F = 16.3, P < 0.0001 date*locality Davis: t = 1.5, dfe = 101, P = 0.14 F = 10.04, P < 0.0001 (+)Vacaville: t = 7.2, dfe = 191, P = 0.001 (+) Woodland: t = 2.1, dfe = 47, P = 0.04 E. californica (eurytomid parasitoid) 97 F = 3.5, P = 0.06 F = 0.15, P = 0.86 F = 0.01, P = 0.93 Selleck BI2536 NS C. latiferreana (filbert moth inquiline) 159 F = 0.8, P = 0.36 F = 0.7, P = 0.5 (−) F = 5.4, P = 0.02 NS B. nucicola (braconid parasitoid of inquiline) 70 F = 3.3, P = 0.08 F = 0.1, P = 0.88 F = 3.7, P = 0.06 NS Galls from which each insect species were not present were excluded from the analysis. Significant interactions between terms Cobimetinib in vivo were included in the
model and are presented. When an interaction with gall locality was observed, the simple effects either gall size or maturation date are presented. The direction of significant relationships between linear variables (gall size and maturation date) and insect abundance are noted with (+) or (−) Phenology of insect community and relationship between gall inducer phenology and parasite community Galls became desiccated and were subsequently collected throughout summer and fall 2007 with an apparent bimodal pattern of maturation (Fig. 2). The majority of gall inducers emerged in fall 2007 with a peak emergence occurring in November 2007, while emergence was intensively monitored. In contrast, most inquilines emerged in 2008 (Fig. 2). The filbert moth (C. latiferreana) and its braconid parasitoid (B. nucicola) showed a bimodal emergence pattern, with the first peak of emergence occurring in late summer 2007 shortly after the galls were collected. E.
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