Searches within the CAS database based on similarity or sub framework motifs of compound ten revealed that this class of chemical compounds hasn’t been described for insects nor have they, to your best of our know-how, been described in nature in any way. Primarily based on compound ten, we suggest to name this substance class crematoenones, reflecting the source genus Crematogaster, the double bond in the octahydronaphthalene subunit, as well as the keto function. Achievable biosynthesis with the crematoenones The genus Crematogaster is known for its skill to provide a broad array of structurally varied chemical compounds, Compared to other ant species, the Crematogaster species studied so far possess a peculiar method of venom production. precursors from Dufours gland are derivatized by enzymes in the poison gland, It might be as a consequence of this mechanism that Crematogaster species develop such chemically diverse venoms.
Even though quite a few on the previously described Crematogaster venoms are derived from either fatty acid or terpenoid metabolism, other ant venoms studied so far are often alkaloids and therefore are in all probability derived from your amino acid, polyacetate, or fatty acid metabolism, We propose that the biosynthesis of crematoenones can be linked to a polyketide type biosynthesis pathway. A proposed polyketide kinase inhibitor NVP-AUY922 of 11 acetate units, re organized by two intramolecular aldol condensations followed by various modifications together with decarboxylation, eliminations of water and several reductions could make clear the formation on the C21 backbone of crematoenones. Biosynthesis based mostly on a C21 hydrocarbon is an alternate pathway, however it would seem much less most likely.
Notably, the crematoenones seem to be synthesized de novo, considering the fact that their composition remained continuous in colonies that were stored within the la boratory on an artificial GW-4064 diet program of dead insects, honey, and Bhatkar diet for up to 15 months, This contrasts with e. g. herbivorous beetles, which get up harmful toxins from their host plants with few if any modifications, despite the fact that a fungal or microbial origin of crematoenones can’t be ruled out. Interspecific nestmate recognition is mediated by hydrocarbons Among the 7 colonies that were chemically characterized, we observed a complete of 24 distinct novel compounds. Although Cr. modiglianii exhibits colony specific crematoenone profiles, neither of your two spe cies differentiated in between intra and allocolonial crematoenones, but clearly discriminated intracolonial from allocolonial hydrocarbons with the respective part ner species. Our experiments therefore present the rec ognition of your spouse species is mediated by cuticular hydrocar bons like it’s acknowledged from other ant species, and never the crematoenones.
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