, 1994) However, synaptotagmins do not function alone but require the presence of complexins, BMS-354825 supplier which are small soluble proteins that bind to SNARE complexes (McMahon et al., 1995). Complexins perform several functions in presynaptic exocytosis: priming of synaptic vesicles probably by promoting SNARE-complex assembly (Yang et al.,
2010), activation of SNARE complexes to allow subsequent calcium triggering of fusion pore opening via synaptotagmin (Reim et al., 2001, Xue et al., 2008 and Maximov et al., 2009), and clamping of SNARE complexes to prevent inappropriate fusion pore opening (Giraudo et al., 2006 and Huntwork and Littleton, 2007: Maximov et al., 2009, Tang et al., 2006, Xue et al., 2009 and Yang et al., 2010). Opposing nerve terminals, the postsynaptic compartment of excitatory synapses contains a postsynaptic density (PSD) that is precisely aligned with the presynaptic active zone. The PSD contains a different set of scaffolding proteins that function to position glutamate receptors and intracellular signaling proteins in the appropriate subsynaptic domains so that they can respond to the release of glutamate (Elias and Nicoll, 2007, Scannevin and see more Huganir, 2000 and Sheng
and Sala, 2001). The composition of the PSD is influenced by synaptic activity, such that the numbers and properties of glutamate receptors can be modified resulting in long-lasting changes in synaptic strength. Specifically, long-term depression (LTD) triggered by activation of either NMDA receptors (NMDARs) or metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) is due to the endocytosis of AMPA receptors (AMPARs), while long-term potentiation (LTP) triggered by NMDARs requires the exocytosis of AMPARs (Bredt and Nicoll, 2003, Collingridge et al., 2004, Malinow and Malenka, 2002 and Shepherd and Huganir, 2007). Maintaining a steady Fossariinae complement of AMPARs in the PSD and thereby maintaining basal synaptic strength while simultaneously allowing plasticity requires complex regulation of the trafficking of these receptors. Immediately adjacent to the PSD are endocytic zones that contain clathrin and endocytic proteins such
as AP-2 and dynamin (Henley et al., 2011 and Kennedy and Ehlers, 2006). A common view is that during LTD AMPARs diffuse laterally out of the PSD where they are captured and endocytosed by clathrin-coated vesicles. The site of NMDAR-triggered AMPAR exocytosis during LTP is unclear, with most results suggesting that AMPARs are inserted into the plasma membrane outside of the PSD and then laterally diffuse into the PSD where they are “captured” by scaffolding proteins (Henley et al., 2011 and Kennedy and Ehlers, 2006). Compared to the wealth of knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the exocytosis of presynaptic vesicles mediating neurotransmitter release, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the regulated exocytosis of AMPARs during LTP other than that SNARE proteins are involved (Kennedy et al.
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