, 1999) All of the animal experiments were performed according t

, 1999). All of the animal experiments were performed according to the Guidelines for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of Keio University. Plasmids used in

this study are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. In utero electroporation was performed as described previously (Tabata and Nakajima, 2001) and is also described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Immunohistochemistry was performed as previously described (Sekine et al., 2011). The primary antibodies used are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Brains were removed directly KU-55933 clinical trial in ice-cold PBS, embedded in O.C.T. compound and quickly frozen in liquid nitrogen-cold 2-propanol. The prepared cryosections were fixed in 100% acetone at −20°C for 10 min. After washing with PBS-Tx, rat antiactivated

integrin β1 antibody (1:10, 9EG7; BD PharMingen) was added to the sections. In coronal sections of the fixed embryonic brains obtained from several pregnant mice, the caudal part of the somatosensory cortex was selected for the measurements. The distances from the top of the CP to the nuclei of the migrating cells, which were visualized by DAPI staining were blindly measured using the ImageJ software (NIH). To determine the morphological structures of the terminal translocating neurons, z series of transfected brains were acquired at 1 μm Olopatadine intervals through 10–20 μm using a 40 × objective. These z series were reconstructed using FV1000 (Olympus), and the morphologies of the GFP-positive cells attached to the MZ were Trichostatin A supplier analyzed using the ImageJ

software. A 1.5 ml tube was coated with 10% BSA-PBS at 4°C for 30 min. Rabbit antimouse fibronectin antibodies (1:500 AB2033, Chemicon) and rat plasma fibronectin (1 mg/ml, F0635, Sigma) were incubated in 1% BSA-PBS overnight at 4°C. The supernatant obtained after centrifugation (10,000 g, 1 hr, at 4°C) of the solution was subjected to immunohistochemistry. Digoxigenin-tagged antisense and sense RNA probes for Rap1a and Rap1b were synthesized using FANTOM clones. Detailed procedures are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. Western blot analysis was performed as described previously (Sekine et al., 2011). The procedures for the transfection into the primary cortical neurons were previously described (Kawauchi et al., 2010). Detailed procedures and primary antibodies are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. HEK293T cells were transfected with pCAGGS-Reelin vector or pCAGGS-Control vector using the GeneJuice transfection reagent (Merck). Detailed procedures are described in the Supplemental Experimental Procedures. The integrin activation assay was performed as described previously (Bourgin et al., 2007), with some modification.

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