2 orders of magnitude (99.9%). In contrast INK 128 order to anti-adenoviral siRNAs such as the ones used in our previous study (Kneidinger et al., 2012), the generation of anti-adenoviral amiRNAs is dependent on intracellular processing steps which may be disturbed in adenovirus-infected cells due to the saturation of several components of the RNAi pathway by mivaRNAs (Andersson et al., 2005 and Lu and Cullen, 2004). We estimated the performance of amiRNAs during the first 48 h of adenovirus infection as being especially
critical, because viral DNA replication – the viral process which we intended to target – largely takes place within this time frame. However, we found that amiRNA function was not affected during these stages of adenovirus infection when the amiRNA was delivered via an adenoviral vector (Fig. 3). This is likely due to the fact that mivaRNAs reach high levels only at very late stages of infection, and pTP mRNA-targeting amiRNAs prevent the otherwise steady increase in VA-RNA gene copy numbers after the onset of viral DNA replication. The design of amiRNAs follows slightly different rules compared to those required for the design of 25-nt-long, blunt-ended siRNAs. Although we designed click here certain amiRNAs (i.e., pTP-mi5 and Pol-mi4) to contain the same seed sequences as their successful siRNA relatives used in our previous study ( Kneidinger
et al., 2012), these amiRNAs did not necessarily represent the most efficient amiRNAs (see Pol-mi4), indicating that it was not always feasible to automatically convert an effective siRNA into a potent amiRNA. This may be due to the different lengths of amiRNAs and siRNAs, their different types of
ends (i.e., blunt ends in the case of siRNAs and 2-nt 3′ overhangs in the case of amiRNAs), and the lack of any chemical modifications within amiRNAs. Concatemerization of identical amiRNA-encoding sequences has been shown to increase knockdown rates (Chung et al., 2006 and Wu et al., 2011). Consequently, we concatemerized pTP-mi5-encoding sequences to increase the inhibition of adenoviral replication. While inhibition of the replication of the vector carrying the pTP-mi5 expression cassette was limited to 0.9 orders of magnitude (86.2%) when only one copy was present, increasing the copy number from 1 to 6 resulted in a decrease of acetylcholine viral genome copy number by 1.6 orders of magnitude (97.6%; Fig. 9). This effect correlated with an increase in pTP-mi5 levels (Fig. 7A). However, the increase in the amount of mature amiRNA was disproportionally higher compared to the increase in the number of hairpins present on primary transcripts. This effect may be related to an observation made byothers when placing a pre-amiRNA hairpin onto a miRNA polycistron: when combined with other amiRNA hairpins, the silencing capacity of the individual amiRNA was increased (Liu et al., 2008).
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