3.3. Refinement of Field Cage TissueMore than 95% of females exposed (N = 810) were recovered and dissected from the cages covered with the mosquito net of 1500��m mesh size. The two-way ANOVA showed that date of exposure (F27;54 EPZ-5676 leukemia = 5.93, P < 0.001) as well as pest control schemes (F2;54 = 23.63, P < 0.001, Figure 2(a)) had a significant effect on the mating status of L. botrana. The proportion of mated females was significantly higher in the reference vineyard compared to the vineyards equipped with either Isonet-LE or Isonet L-Plus dispensers. There was no statistical difference between the two dispenser types. For E. ambiguella, the date of exposure only tended to affect mating (F25;50 = 1.53, P = 0.099), whereas the type of control scheme had a significant effect (F2;50 = 13.48, P < 0.
001, Figure 2(b)). Significantly fewer females were mated in the two pheromone-treated vineyards than in the reference. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the effectiveness between the lower charged Isonet L-Plus and the more heavily charged Isonet-LE dispensers.Figure 2Percentage of mated (a) L. botrana and (b) E. ambiguella females in field cages (mesh size = 1500��m) containing no pheromone dispenser. The notation ��g/day represents approximately the daily emission rate of pheromone dispensers …3.4. Refinement of the Duration of Insect Exposure92% of E. ambiguella females (N = 225) exposed were recovered. The three-way ANOVA showed that the date of exposure (F4;32 = 10.56, P < 0.001) and the pest control scheme (F2; 32 = 44.45, P < 0.
001) had a significant effect on the mating status of females, whereas the duration of exposure (F2;32 = 0.38, P = 0.684) and the interaction of the control scheme and the duration of exposure did not affect mating (F4;32 = 0.82, P = 0.522, Figure 3). The proportion of mated females was significantly higher in the reference vineyard than in the two vineyards equipped with pheromone dispensers. Moreover, the more heavily charged Isonet-LE dispensers disrupted mating significantly better than the lower charged Isonet L-Plus dispensers. Overall, one night of insect exposure in our cages appeared to be sufficient to evaluate the effectiveness of pheromone dispensers.Figure 3Effect of the duration of insect exposure on the percentage of E. ambiguella females mated in field cages (mesh size = 1500��m, containing no pheromone dispenser).
The notation ��g/day represents the approximate daily emission rate …3.5. Refinement of the Number of Insects Exposed97% of all females of E. ambiguella (N = 576) exposed were recovered and dissected. The two-way ANCOVA revealed that Cilengitide the date of exposure tended to affect mating and that the number of exposed couples, the pest control scheme, and the interaction of the latter two significantly affected the mating status of females (Table 1).
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