5, bottom center) and the Phase-Scrambled condition failed to induce ISS in either the IFG isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibitor or the PGa (Fig. 5, right top and bottom). Direct comparisons between Natural Music and two control conditions indicated significantly greater synchronization in right-hemisphere BA 45 and 47 as well as PGa and IPS (Fig. 6), regions that we previously found to be involved in tracking temporal structure (Levitin & Menon, 2003). The Natural Music condition also revealed significant ISS in motor systems
of the brain. Specifically, a functional cluster was identified in the premotor motor cortex (PMC), MCC and supplementary motor area, key cortical areas for movement planning, as well as the motor cortex bilaterally for the Natural Music condition (Fig. 7A, left). ISS for the Natural Music condition was also evident in the cerebellum in bilateral lobes VI and VIIb. ISS in response to the control conditions revealed smaller extents in these frontal motor regions (Fig. 7A, center Selleckchem Trametinib and right),
and the Phase-Scrambled condition failed to reveal ISS in any subregion of the cerebellum. Direct comparison between the Natural Music and the control conditions revealed significantly greater ISS in the PMC in the right hemisphere and the MCC in both hemispheres (Fig. 7B). Moreover, there was greater ISS for Natural Music compared than for the Phase-Scrambled condition in left hemisphere lobe VI of the cerebellum. A final goal of this work was to examine consistency of fMRI activity over time and, in doing so, investigate potential confounds that could influence our interpretation of ISS. Specifically, we examined several factors that would introduce high levels
of ISS due to influences unrelated to music information processing. We reasoned that ISS confounds could arise from: (1) a ‘low-level’ stimulus-following response to the extended musical sequence rather than regionally specific brain processing of the musical stimulus, resulting in highly correlated fMRI activity patterns measured across auditory, motor and fronto-parietal brain regions; (2) invariant inter-subject correlation magnitudes measured over time during the extended Natural Music sequence, reflecting a consistent and static neural Amino acid process driven by temporal regularities in the stimulus; or (3) synchronized subject movement during fMRI scanning that results in artifactual increases in the correlation of fMRI time-series measured for the Natural Music condition. We performed three separate analyses to address these issues. First, to examine homogeneity of responses measured across the brain, we extracted fMRI time series for the Natural Music condition from 12 ROIs highlighted in the ISS results and performed a within-subject correlation analysis (see Methods). We hypothesized that stimulus-following would result in significant correlations in many (or most) of the 66 region-to-region comparisons.
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