6 Shortly thereafter it was synthesized and became widely available. These chemical advances led to an avalanche of publications on 9-THC, as well as on cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive plant cannabinoid.7 However, concern about the dangers of abuse led to the banning of marijuana and its constituents for medicinal use Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in United States and many other countries in the 1930s and 1940s. It took decades until
cannabinoids came to be considered again as compounds of therapeutic value, and even now their uses are highly restricted. Here we present an overview of the addictive and side effects of cannabinoids vs their therapeutic potential. Addiction to canabis, and Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the influence of cannabis on addiction to other substances Marijuana may produce mild dependence in humans.8-12 This was shown to depend on the personality type of the addicts,13 and can be successfully reversed by abstinence or treated by cognitive-behavioral therapy,14 without the occurrence of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical major withdrawal symptoms. Cannabinoids act on brain reward processes and reward-related behaviors by a mechanism similar to that found with other addictive drugs. In animal models they enhance electrical brain-stimulation reward in
the core meso-accumbens reward circuitry of the brain and neural firing of a core dopamine (DA) component and thus elevate DA circuit. In the reward-relevant meso-accumbens DA circuit. In some animal models they produce conditioned place preference (CPP) and self-administration.15,16 Other studies, however, find THC to be a poor reinforcer, with no or little self-administration.17 Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The abuse of other substances is influenced by the cannabinoids. The cannabinoid system is involved in alcohol-consumption behavior. Cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonists have been found to specifically stimulate alcohol intake and its motivational properties
in rats.18 The high ethanol preference of young mice is reduced by the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) antagonist Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical SR141716A (rimonabant) to levels observed in their CB1 knockout littermates.19 Dopamine release induced by ethanol from in brain was reduced by SR141716A,20 which can explain in part the antiaddictive effect of the drug. Cocaine is another substance of abuse in whose acquisition and consolidation cannabinoids may be involved. High prevalence of alcohol dependence and cannabis dependence can be found in patients with cocaine dependences.21 Marijuana smoking increases plasma cocaine levels and subjective reports of euphoria in male volunteers.22,23 Furthermore, a recent genetic study found an association between an n triplet BLU9931 cost repeat polymorphism in the CB1 encoding CNR1 gene with cocaine addiction in the African-Caribbean population.
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