8% (≥1% of tumor cells) and click here 32.2% (≥5% of tumor cells) of HCC cases examined, respectively.15, 16 One possible explanation of the comparatively low frequency of CD133+ liver CSCs identified in our study
is that we used the monoclonal Ab CD133/2, whereas Ma et al. used CD133/1. Another possible explanation is the difference of etiology related to hepatocarcinogenesis. We examined tumorigenicity using 15 HCCs (five HBV related, four HCV related, three non-B, non-C hepatitis [NBNC] related, and three alcohol related) and identified that tumorigenic CSCs were only obtained from HBV- or HCV-related cases. Previous liver CSC studies were performed using HBV-related HCCs,4, 5 and a recent study showed that HBV X may play a role in generating EpCAM+ CSCs.17 The role of hepatitis virus infection on the generation of CSCs is still unclear and should be clarified in future studies. We were unable to confirm the tumorigenicity
of CD90+ cells in 13 of 15 HCCs, but we observed abundant CD90+ cells in more-advanced HCCs by IHC (data not shown). Tumorigenic CD90+ cells may emerge at a later stage of hepatocarcinogenesis, and the majority of CD90+ cells in early HCCs may be cancer-associated VECs without tumorigenic selleck compound capacity. Furthermore, we identified tumorigenic CD90+ cells only from HBV-related HCCs, and a recent study suggested that expression of CD90 was associated with HBV infection.16 We could not detect the small population of CD90+ HuH7 and Hep3B cells reported on by Yang et al. However, because we identified a small population of CD90+ HuH7 cells after treatment with 5-FU (manuscript in preparation), it is conceivable that different cellular stress statuses may explain the observed differences between our findings and those of Yang et al. The majority of CSC markers Fludarabine molecular weight discovered thus far are almost identical to those found in healthy tissue stem cells or embryonic stem cells. However, with regard to the liver, the characteristics of healthy hepatic
stem/progenitor cells isolated using different stem cell markers are currently under investigation. A recent article examined the characteristics of EpCAM+ and CD90+ oval cells isolated from 2-acetylaminofluorene/partial hepatectomy or D-galactosamine-treated rats.18 Interestingly, EpCAM+ and CD90+ oval cells represent two distinct populations: The former expresses classical oval cell markers, such as AFP, OV-1, and cytokeratin-19 (CK-19), whereas the latter expresses desmin and alpha smooth muscle actin, but not AFP, OV-1, or CK-19, which indicates that CD90+ populations are more likely to be mesenchymal cells. Another study has demonstrated that mesenchymal cells can interact with HSCs to regulate cell-fate decision.19 We found that EpCAM+ and CD90+ cells isolated from liver cancer are distinct in terms of gene- and protein-expression patterns in both primary liver cancers and cell lines.
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