Nadir Sb levels rose steadily from 19.6 +/- 4 and 65.1 +/- 17.4 ng/g, 24 h after the first injection, up to 27.4 +/- 5.8 and 95.7 +/- 6.6 ng/g, 24 h after the 21st dose in LOW and SDT groups, respectively. Subsequently, Sb plasma levels gradually declined with a terminal elimination phase half-life of 35.8 d. Antimony speciation in plasma on posttreatment days 1-9 indicated that as total Sb levels declined, proportion of Sb-V remained nearly constant (11-20%), while proportion of Sb-III rose from 5% (d 1) to 50% (d 9). Plasma [Sb]/erythrocyte
[Sb] ratio was > 1 until 12 h after dosing and reversed thereafter. Tissue Sb concentrations (posttreatment days 55 and 95) were as follows: > 1000 ng/g in thyroid, nails, liver, gall bladder and spleen; > 200 see more and < 1000 ng/g in lymph nodes, kidneys, adrenals, bones, skeletal
muscles, heart and skin; and < 200 ng/g in various brain structures, thymus, stomach, colon, pancreas. and teeth. Results from this study are therefore consistent with view that Sb-V is reduced to Sb-III, the active form, within cells from where it is slowly eliminated. Localization of Sb active forms in the thyroid gland Doramapimod supplier and liver and the pathophysiological consequences of marked Sb accumulation in these tissues warrant further studies.”
“Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) studies have shown that the motor system is facilitated when we imagine performing motor actions. However, it is not clear whether the individual’s motor system modulates bilaterally and selectively for task parameters, such all as movement direction and amplitude. To investigate this issue, we applied single-pulse TMS over the left and right primary motor cortex (M1) of healthy subjects, who had to imagine grasping
and rotating a clock hour hand, having a starting position at noon, towards four different times: 2, 5, 7 and 10 o’clock. Rotations could be in clockwise (2 and 5 o’clock) or counter-clockwise (7 and 10 o’clock) directions and could require small (2 and 10 o’clock) or large (5 and 7 o’clock) rotation angle. TMS motor-evoked potentials were recorded for three muscles, and movements were imagined with the right and left hands. Results showed that during motor imagery a mirroring pattern was present between the right and the left motor cortices, showing selective activation of the hand-intrinsic muscles spatially close to the direction of the imagined movement. Overall a higher activation for large and a lower activation for small rotation angle were found, but no selective muscle activity was present within the hand-intrinsic muscles for this parameter. Following these results we propose that during action imagination an internally coded covariance between movement parameters is present with a muscle-specific activation for movement direction. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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