All participants showed corrected visual acuity of at least 20/30 and gave written informed consent after receiving a full explanation
of the research according to procedures approved by the Institutional Review Board of UCLA. Equipment Transcranial http://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html magnetic stimulation was delivered by a Magstim Rapid magnetic stimulator (Magstim, Inc., Whitland, U.K.), which produces biphasic pulses using a circular coil with a diameter of Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 9 cm. The coil was always held at a 90 degree angle, perpendicular to the meridian along the sagittal plane of the subject’s skull (Corthout et al. 1999; Antal et al. 2002). The bottom of the coil was placed tangential to the curve of the skull on the spot of interest along the grid. TMS intensity
was held constant at 70% of the maximum stimulator output. Procedures Two TMS procedures were conducted: Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical a “hotspot” procedure and an emotion identification procedure. The hotspot procedure was designed to empirically determine the optimal positioning of the TMS coil to identify the location of maximal visual suppression. Once the optimal positioning of the coil was determined, we maintained the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical TMS coil at that location for collecting data throughout the second procedure, involving affect perception. Hotspot procedure The stimuli for this procedure were letter trigrams that were randomly generated and presented inside a centralized white border. All letters of the alphabet were included, and the letters on the
screen were shown in uppercase font (1 degree in height and 2 degrees in width). This task was programmed and run using Presentation software (Neurobehavioral Systems, Inc., Albany, CA). Participants Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical were seated 57 cm away from the computer monitor, and stimuli were presented for 35 msec on a Dell Pentium computer with a 17″ Sony Multiscan 200PS monitor set at 85 Hz screen refresh rate, screen contrast set to 100%, and Brightness set to 66%. Participants responded by pressing the perceived letters on the keyboard. Carfilzomib Before administering the TMS pulse, we adjusted the target threshold for each participant using a staircase procedure (Green et al. 2002; Rassovsky et al. 2004, 2005). In this method, contrast threshold is adjusted to be more difficult if the subject responds with two or three correct letters out of the three letters presented. Conversely, the current contrast threshold is adjusted to be easier to see if the subject responds with 0 or one correct letters out of the three letters presented, thus adjusting the critical threshold to reflect an average of 50% correct. The selleck compound descending staircase stops after four consecutive reversals at the smallest step, with the critical threshold taken as the average of the last four contrasts where reversals took place.
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