Analysis of biofilm formation over a 48 hr period in flow cells (Stovall, Greensboro, NC) was conducted essentially as described by Rice et al and biofilm thickness was judged visually [18]. Acknowledgements This work was supported by NIH/NIAID grant R01 AI068892. We are sincerely grateful for all of the advice and support of Dr. Gerald Pier (Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA), Dr. Daniel Conrad (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA), and Dr. Walter Michael Holmes (Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA). References 1. Gordon RJ, Lowy FD: Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection. Clin Infect
Dis 2008,46(Suppl 5):S350–359.CrossRefPubMed 2. Voyich JM, Otto M, Mathema B, Selleckchem Ibrutinib Braughton KR, Whitney AR, Welty D, Long RD, Dorward DW, Gardner DJ, Lina G, et al.: Is Panton-Valentine leukocidin the major virulence determinant R428 research buy in community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease? J Infect Dis 2006,194(12):1761–1770.CrossRefPubMed 3. Foster TJ: Immune evasion by staphylococci. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005,3(12):948–958.CrossRefPubMed 4. Garzoni C, Francois P, Huyghe A, Couzinet S, Tapparel C, Charbonnier Y, Renzoni A, Lucchini S, Lew DP, Vaudaux P, et al.: A global view of Staphylococcus aureus whole genome expression upon internalization in human epithelial cells. BMC Genomics 2007, 8:171.CrossRefPubMed 5. Lorenz
U, Ohlsen K, Karch H, Hecker M, Thiede A, Hacker J: Human antibody response during sepsis against targets expressed by methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 2000,29(2):145–153.CrossRefPubMed Cell press 6. Cassat JE, Dunman PM, McAleese F, Murphy E, Projan SJ, Smeltzer MS: Comparative genomics of Staphylococcus
aureus musculoskeletal isolates. J Bacteriol 2005,187(2):576–592.CrossRefPubMed 7. Voyich JM, Braughton KR, Sturdevant DE, Whitney AR, Saïd-Salim B, Porcella SF, Long RD, Dorward DW, Gardner DJ, Kreiswirth BN, et al.: Insights into mechanisms used by Staphylococcus aureus to avoid destruction by human neutrophils. J Immunol 2005,175(6):3907–3919.PubMed 8. Resch A, Rosenstein R, Nerz C, Götz F: Differential gene expression profiling of Staphylococcus aureus cultivated under biofilm and planktonic conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005,71(5):2663–2676.CrossRefPubMed 9. Fuchs S, Pane-Farre J, Kohler C, Hecker M, Engelmann S: Anaerobic gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus. J Bacteriol 2007,189(11):4275–4289.CrossRefPubMed 10. Jefferson KK: What drives bacteria to produce a biofilm? FEMS Microbiol Lett 2004,236(2):163–173.PubMed 11. Vuong C, Kocianova S, Voyich JM, Yao Y, Fischer ER, DeLeo FR, Otto M: A crucial role for exopolysaccharide modification in bacterial biofilm formation, immune evasion, and virulence. J Biol Chem 2004,279(52):54881–54886.CrossRefPubMed 12.
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