Elastomers, along with a range of other materials, are now being used as feedstock, resulting in heightened viscoelasticity and enhanced durability simultaneously. In the realm of anatomy-specific wearable applications, including athletic and safety equipment, the combined strengths of complex lattices and elastomers are particularly appealing. This study's design of vertically-graded and uniform lattices was facilitated by Siemens' DARPA TRADES-funded Mithril software. These lattices exhibited a range of stiffness values in their configurations. Using two different elastomers, the designed lattices were fabricated using two distinct additive manufacturing processes. Process (a) involved vat photopolymerization with a compliant SIL30 elastomer sourced from Carbon, while process (b) employed thermoplastic material extrusion with Ultimaker TPU filament, creating improved stiffness. In terms of advantages, the SIL30 material delivered compliance for impacts with lower energy levels; conversely, the Ultimaker TPU showcased improved protection for higher-energy impacts. In addition, a hybrid lattice structure composed of both materials was tested, exhibiting the synergistic benefits of both, performing well across a broad spectrum of impact energies. This research investigates the design, materials, and manufacturing processes for a novel, comfortable, energy-absorbing protective gear intended for athletes, consumers, military personnel, emergency personnel, and package safeguarding.
Using hydrothermal carbonization, 'hydrochar' (HC), a novel biomass-based filler for natural rubber, was obtained from the processing of hardwood waste, including sawdust. To serve as a potential, partial replacement for the age-old carbon black (CB) filler, it was intended. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that HC particles were notably larger and less regularly shaped compared to CB 05-3 m particles (30-60 nm). Surprisingly, their specific surface areas were quite close (HC 214 m²/g versus CB 778 m²/g), suggesting significant porosity in the HC material. Compared to the 46% carbon content of the sawdust feedstock, the HC exhibited a substantially higher carbon content of 71%. HC's organic constitution, as established by FTIR and 13C-NMR techniques, displayed substantial divergences from both lignin and cellulose. find more Experimental rubber nanocomposites were created with a consistent 50 phr (31 wt.%) of combined fillers, and the ratio of HC to CB was modulated from 40/10 to 0/50. Morphological analyses indicated a fairly uniform spread of HC and CB, coupled with the disappearance of bubbles subsequent to vulcanization. Rheological tests on HC-filled vulcanization unveiled no impediment to the process, but a notable shift in the vulcanization chemistry, with a decrease in scorch time and an increase in the reaction's time. The study's outcome generally suggests that rubber composites incorporating a substitution of 10-20 phr of carbon black (CB) with high-content (HC) material hold promise. The rubber industry's high-volume use of hardwood waste, in the form of HC, would underscore its importance.
The health of the underlying oral tissues and the longevity of dentures are both dependent on proper denture care and maintenance. In contrast, the precise manner in which disinfectants influence the strength of 3D-printed denture base materials is not fully elucidated. The study of flexural properties and hardness in 3D-printed resins, NextDent and FormLabs, contrasted against a heat-polymerized resin, involved the use of distilled water (DW), effervescent tablets, and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) immersion solutions. A study of flexural strength and elastic modulus, employing the three-point bending test and Vickers hardness test, was carried out prior to immersion (baseline) and 180 days subsequent to immersion. Utilizing ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test (p = 0.005), the data were analyzed, and the findings were independently validated through electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopy. Following solution immersion, all materials exhibited a reduction in flexural strength (p = 0.005), with a more pronounced decrease observed after exposure to effervescent tablets and NaOCl (p < 0.0001). Immersion in the tested solutions produced a substantial decrease in hardness, which was highly significant (p < 0.0001). Immersion of the 3D-printed, heat-polymerized resins in disinfectant and DW solutions resulted in a reduction of flexural properties and hardness.
The creation of electrospun cellulose and derivative nanofibers is an integral part of contemporary biomedical engineering and materials science. The scaffold's capacity for compatibility with various cell lines and its ability to form unaligned nanofibrous architectures faithfully mimics the properties of the natural extracellular matrix, ensuring its function as a cell delivery system that promotes substantial cell adhesion, growth, and proliferation. This paper examines the structural design of cellulose and electrospun cellulosic fibers. Fiber diameter, spacing, and alignment play a crucial role in the facilitation of cell capture. The research study emphasizes cellulose derivatives, like cellulose acetate, carboxymethylcellulose, and hydroxypropyl cellulose, and their composite counterparts, within the context of scaffold development and cellular cultivation. Electrospinning's pivotal difficulties in scaffold design and the shortcomings of micromechanical analysis are scrutinized in this work. Recent studies on fabricating artificial 2D and 3D nanofiber matrices have informed this research, which evaluates the suitability of these scaffolds for osteoblasts (hFOB line), fibroblasts (NIH/3T3, HDF, HFF-1, L929 lines), endothelial cells (HUVEC line), and other cell types. Moreover, a crucial element of cellular adhesion, facilitated by protein adsorption onto surfaces, is examined.
The application of three-dimensional (3D) printing has experienced considerable growth recently, owing to technological breakthroughs and cost-effectiveness. Fused deposition modeling, one form of 3D printing, provides the capacity to craft varied products and prototypes with different polymer filaments. In the present study, recycled polymer-based 3D-printed outputs were modified with an activated carbon (AC) coating, enabling them to exhibit multiple functions, including the adsorption of harmful gases and antimicrobial properties. Employing the methods of extrusion and 3D printing, respectively, a recycled polymer filament of uniform 175-meter diameter and a filter template in the form of a 3D fabric structure were created. In the next step, the 3D filter was fabricated by applying nanoporous activated carbon (AC), created from the pyrolysis of fuel oil and waste PET, directly onto the 3D filter template. The adsorption capacity of SO2 gas, enhanced by 3D filters coated with nanoporous activated carbon, reached a significant level of 103,874 mg, and simultaneously, the antibacterial activity, measured as a 49% reduction in E. coli, was also observed. Using 3D printing, a functional gas mask was created that serves as a model system, demonstrating harmful gas adsorption and antibacterial properties.
Prepared were thin sheets of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE), either in their pure state or reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) or iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe2O3 NPs) at diverse concentrations. For the study, the weight percentages for CNT and Fe2O3 NPs were selected in a range between 0.01% and 1%. The utilization of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, in addition to energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis, unequivocally demonstrated the existence of CNTs and Fe2O3 NPs within the UHMWPE. An investigation into the effects of embedded nanostructures on UHMWPE specimens was conducted by means of attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. Characteristic spectral features of UHMWPE, CNTs, and Fe2O3 are apparent in the ATR-FTIR data. Regardless of the specific type of embedded nanostructures, optical absorption was observed to escalate. The optical absorption spectra in both cases showed a decrease in the allowed direct optical energy gap as concentrations of CNT or Fe2O3 NP increased. find more The outcomes of our research, meticulously obtained, will be presented and dissected in the discussion period.
Winter's plummeting temperatures cause a reduction in the exterior environment's temperature, thereby diminishing the structural integrity of diverse constructions, such as railroads, bridges, and buildings. To safeguard against freezing damage, a de-icing technology utilizing an electric-heating composite has been created. A three-roll process was utilized to produce a highly electrically conductive composite film with uniformly dispersed multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) matrix. Shearing the MWCNT/PDMS paste was performed using a two-roll process. At 582% MWCNT volume, the composite's electrical conductivity reached 3265 S/m, while its activation energy stood at 80 meV. We investigated how electric-heating performance (heating rate and temperature alteration) varies with applied voltage and environmental temperature, specifically within the range of -20°C to 20°C. A decrease in heating rate and effective heat transfer was noted with higher applied voltages, whereas the opposite behavior was apparent under sub-zero environmental temperatures. Even though this occurred, the heating system's heating performance (heating rate and temperature change) remained largely consistent within the assessed exterior temperature span. find more The low activation energy and the negative temperature coefficient of resistance (NTCR, dR/dT less than 0) within the MWCNT/PDMS composite lead to its unique heating behaviors.
This paper investigates how 3D woven composites, structured with hexagonal binding patterns, react to ballistic impacts.
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