Coalescent simulation and selection tests further suggest that the fixation of two non-synonymous substitutions associated with black colour is the result of artificial selection. In contrast, a much higher genetic diversity and only a single non-synonymous substitution
were found among the wild boars, suggesting a strong functional constraint. Moreover, our conclusion is consistent with the preference for black colour in the ancient Chinese sacrificial culture. This case provides an interesting example of a molecular evaluation of artificial Volasertib clinical trial livestock selection and its associated cultural impact in ancient China. Heredity (2010) 105, 274-281; doi:10.1038/hdy.2009.191; published online 24 RSL3 cell line February 2010″
“Higher-order recursion schemes are recursive equations defining new operations from given ones called “terminals”. Every such recursion
scheme is proved to have a least interpreted semantics in every Scott’s model of lambda-calculus in which the terminals are interpreted as continuous operations. For the uninterpreted semantics based on infinite lambda-terms we follow the idea of Fiore, Plotkin and Turi and work in the category of sets in context, which are presheaves on the category of finite sets. Fiore et al showed how to capture the type of variable binding in lambda-calculus by an endofunctor H-lambda and they explained simultaneous substitution of lambda-terms by proving that the presheaf of lambda-terms is an initial H-lambda-monoid. Here we work with the presheaf of rational infinite lambda-terms and prove that this is an initial iterative H-lambda-monoid. We conclude that every guarded higher-order recursion scheme has a unique uninterpreted solution in this monoid.”
“Sex-specific elaborations are common in animals and have attracted the attention of many biologists, including Darwin [1]. It is accepted that sexual selection promotes the evolution of sex-specific elaborations. Due to the faster replenishment rate of gametes, males generally have higher potential reproductive and optimal mating rates than females. Therefore, sexual selection acts strongly Saracatinib on males [2], leading to the rapid evolution
and diversification of male genitalia [3]. Male genitalia are sometimes used as devices for coercive holding of females as a result of sexual conflict over mating [4, 5]. In contrast, female genitalia are usually simple. Here we report the reversal of intromittent organs in the insect genus Neotrogla (Psocodea: Prionoglarididae) from Brazilian caves. Females have a highly elaborate, penis-like structure, the gynosome, while males lack an intromittent organ. The gynosome has species-specific elaborations, such as numerous spines that fit species-specific pouches in the simple male genital chamber. During prolonged copulation (similar to 40-70 hr), a large and potentially nutritious ejaculate is transferred from the male via the gynosome.
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