Consequently, the discovery of novel biomarkers involved in the diagnosis and progression of breast cancer is of great
value. NAD (P) H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1), also known as DT-diaphorase, menadione reductase, or quinone reductase see more 1, is a cytoplasmic flavoenzyme encoded by a gene located on chromosome 16q22. NQO1 uses NADH or NADPH as substrates to directly reduce quinones to hydroquinones [7, 8]. Functions of NQO1 include xenobiotic detoxification, superoxide scavenging and the maintenance of endogenous antioxidant vitamins [9]. It is conceivable that NQO1 plays an important role in protecting normal cells against oxidative injury and carcinogenesis. Paradoxically, despite the cellular functions of this “cell protector”, the antioxidant role of NQO1 was suggested by evidence that the disruption of the NQO1 gene or genetic polymorphism increased the risk of chemical-induced toxicity and cancers [10, 11]. NQO1 has been found to be expressed at high levels in many human tumors, including breast cancer, melanoma, lung cancer, cholangiocarcinoma and pancreatic cancer [12–15]. In addition, the high level of NQO1 expression in solid tumors in combination with the
ability to reduce many quinine-containing antitumor drugs has dawn attention to NQO1 as a potential molecular target in cancer treatment [16, 17]. However, the clinical significance Selleckchem PLX4032 of NQO1 expression status in breast cancer remains unclear. In this study, we demonstrated the clinicopathological
significance of NQO1 through prognostic evaluation of NQO1 overexpression in breast cancers. The results revealed that NQO1 protein is frequently upregulated in breast cancers compared with hyperplasia and adjacent non-tumor breast tissues. These findings indicate that NQO1 may be a good independent predictor of prognosis for Sitaxentan patients with breast cancer. Materials and methods Ethics statement This research complied with the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Human Ethics Committee and the Research Ethics Committee of Yanbian University Medical College. Patients were informed that the resected specimens were stored by the hospital and potentially used for scientific research, and that their privacy would be maintained. Follow-up survival data were collected retrospectively through medical record analyses. Clinical samples Eight fresh breast cancers paired with adjacent non-tumor tissues were snapfrozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at -80°C until use. The histopathology of each specimen was reviewed on the hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue section to confirm diagnosis and tumor content at least 70% of tumor cells in the tissue sample. The study of 176 paraffin embedded breast cancer samples, as well as 45 ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) samples, 22 hyperplasis and 52 adjacent non-tumor tissues were also LXH254 cell line conducted.
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