For each clock model, we found consistent rates of 1.25�C3.52��10?3 (95% HPD range of 0.0559�C6.11��10?3, collectively) nucleotide substitutions/site/year (Table 2). Table 2 Nucleotide Substitution Rates for the VP1 Gene of GI.3 and GI.1 Norovirusesa. Discussion Rotaviruses and noroviruses are important causative agents selleck chemicals Dasatinib of childhood diarrhea, particularly in developing countries [2], [3]. Following the discovery of rotaviruses in 1973 [18] and noroviruses in 1972 [17], the LID collaborated with the WHO to assess the role of viruses in childhood diarrhea [19]. With consistent evidence that rotaviruses were a leading cause of diarrhea worldwide, the WHO recommended rotavirus vaccine initiatives as a global health priority [19], [44].
Norwalk virus was not detected in infants and young children in these early studies, although our current study supports an emerging consensus that noroviruses are second in importance to rotaviruses as agents of severe pediatric gastroenteritis [3]. Our analyses of these archival fecal specimens revealed that both rotaviruses and noroviruses circulated throughout the developing world in the late 1970��s. Rotaviruses were generally more prevalent than noroviruses, with the exception of Cayenne, French Guiana. The most common circulating rotavirus and norovirus genotypes were consistent with those generally observed to be most prevalent today (i.e. GII noroviruses and G1 rotaviruses) [4], [6], [12], [14]�C[16], and co-infections with representatives of both viruses were observed in multiple regions.
Certain rotavirus strains detected in these archival specimens are of particular interest as they represent unusual VP7 genotypes or VP7/VP4 genotype combinations. One is a G2P[6] rotavirus detected in a child in Entebbe, Uganda in 1976. The first G2P[6] genotypic combination (strain 1076) was isolated from a neonate in Sweden with an asymptomatic rotavirus infection in 1975 [45]. Our identification of this combination in Entebbe indicates that both asymptomatic and symptomatic rotavirus infections were associated with the G2P[6] genotypic combination that circulated in different parts of the world in that time period. Moreover, in a review of studies published during 1997�C2006, the G2P[6] genotype was detected in 10% of African children with acute gastroenteritis, indicating that this strain has become established in more recent years in Africa [37]. In addition, G5 and G9 rotavirus strains were detected in a 4.5 month old and a 5 month old infant, respectively, in Hong Kong, China in 1978. G9 rotaviruses have been emerging in prevalence Drug_discovery globally since the mid-1990��s [6]�C[8], but the detection of Hu/RV/HK75/China/1978 indicates that this genotype has been circulating since at least 1978 in Asia.
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