g., Maya, Turner and Sabloff, 2012; Chaco Canyon, English Atezolizumab purchase et al., 2001; Near East; Artzy and Hillel, 1988 and Jacobsen and Adams, 1958). There are also success stories indicating both environmental and sociopolitical resilience and adaptation in the face of environmental change (McAnany and Yoffee, 2010; Luzzadder-Beach et al., 2012 and Butzer, 2012). The collapse or persistence of ancient states in the context of unintended anthropogenic environmental change therefore provides a starting point for studying the complex socio-ecological
dynamics promoting societal sustainability or collapse under changing conditions (Butzer, 2012). The complexity
of these interactions provides lessons for policy makers considering anthropogenic global climate change today. The staggered and widespread collapse of Classic Maya political centers between AD 750 and 1000 provides a case in point. More than 113 monument-bearing low density urban centers emerged in the tropical lowlands at different times during the Classic Period; each with populations ranging from ∼10,000 (e.g., Uxbenka; Prufer et al., 2011 and Culleton, 2012) to 60,000 plus (e.g., Tikal, Culbert and Rice, Stem Cell Compound Library solubility dmso 1990) people. In addition, thousands of smaller sites, many dating to this interval, dotted the landscape between these larger Tenoxicam population centers (Witschey and Brown, 2013). It is difficult, if not impossible, to estimate how many people were living in the tropical Maya lowlands, but estimates range between three (Culbert and Rice, 1990) and 10 million at AD 700 (Scarborough and Burnside, 2010). Stone monuments at ∼35 primary political centers during the Late Classic
Period (AD 600–900) show a complex network of antagonistic, diplomatic, subordinate and kinship relationships (Munson and Macri, 2009). The collapse of Classic Maya political systems played out over centuries starting with the first evidence for political fragmentation in the Petexbatun region between AD 760 and 800 (Demarest, 2004a, O’Mansky and Dunning, 2004 and Tourtellot and González, 2004). A 50% reduction in the number of centers with dated-stone monuments between AD 800 and 825 signaled the widespread collapse of kingship and this important political institution had largely disappeared in the central and southern lowlands by AD 900. Politically important centers shifted north to the Yucatan as centers failed in the southern and central Maya lowlands (Sabloff, 2007), and depopulation took centuries and involved migration, reorganization, and persistence in some regions (Laporte, 2004 and Webster et al., 2004).
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