Groups of every 10 sections were used to characterize each brain

Groups of every 10 sections were used to characterize each brain. An unbiased stereologic counting method was used to determine the number of neurons per region of the brain (Hyman et al., 1998). The optical dissector technique was used in a similar fashion to previously described work in BTK inhibitor transgenic mice (Irizarry et al., 1997). The image analysis system NewCAST (stereology module for VIS; Visiopharm Integration System ver. 2.12.3.0, Denmark), mounted on an upright Olympus BX51 microscope

(Olympus, Denmark) with an integrated motorized stage (PRIOR-Proscan II, Prior Scientific, Rockland, MA) was used to outline regions, sample, and count. Counting frames of size 21.8 μm × 21.8 μm, and step length from 100 μm to 200 μm were selected to count >200 neurons per animal. The different brain regions click here were defined using the atlas developed by Franklin and Paxinos (2007). The differentiation between the MEC and LEC was made using the atlas mentioned above and the mapping of van Groen (2001). Standard immunofluorescence techniques were used to label Tau epitopes. Endogenous peroxidase activity was quenched for 30 min in H2O2. After blocking in 5% milk for 1 hr, the appropriate primary antibody was applied, and sections were incubated overnight at 4°C. Sections were subsequently washed in Tris-buffered saline (TBS) to remove excess primary

antibody. Sections were incubated in the appropriate secondary antibody for 1 hr at room temperature. After serial washes in TBS, slides were developed with diaminobenzidine substrate by using the avidin-biotin horseradish peroxidase system (Vector Laboratories). Fluorescent CY3-labeled secondary antibody (Invitrogen) was used to reveal 5A6. The antibodies with 5A6 (generated by G.V. Johnson, 1997; 1:1,000), HT7 (Thermo Scientific; 1:1,000), and TauY9 (Enzo Life Sciences; 1:1,000) were used to specifically detect human tau; the conformation-specific Alz50 antibody (courtesy of Peter Davies, Albert Einstein College of Medicine; 1:50) and phosphorylated Adenylyl cyclase 396/404 tau PHF1 (courtesy of Peter Davies; 1:500) antibodies were used to detect pretangle stages. Fluorescent

CY3-labeled secondary antibody (Invitrogen) was used to reveal HT7, and nonfluorescent biotinylated secondary antibodies revealed by diaminobenzidine were used to detect Alz50 and PHF1. The antibody Iba1 (Wako, 1:1,000) was used to reveal microglia. Activated astrocytes were labeled using the GFAP antibody (Sigma, 1:1,000). mTau is a polyclonal rabbit antibody that was generated by Dr. Naruhiko Sahara. Briefly, mTau was raised against a mouse tau epitope, which is absent in the human tau sequence and corresponds to amino acid residues 118–131 (SKDRTGNDEKKAKG). The antibody was characterized by western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry for sensitivity and specificity and did not recognize any unspecific proteins in tau knockout (KO) mice or in human brain.

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