In a series of control measurements, the reference cursor was randomly set between the voluntary EMG burst onsets of the FDITASK. These control measurements showed that the mean ± SD control measure of the EMG mirroring was 0.68 ± 5.2%. EMG mirroring was defined as activity that was more than 2SD (i.e. 11.27%, cut-off value) above the level of background EMG activity. The MEP amplitude was measured within a time window of 20–40 ms after the TMS artefact. IHI was calculated for each ISI (12 and 30 ms) in each block (CS intensity: 110–150% RMT) by expressing the
mean peak-to-peak amplitude of the conditioned test MEP in the paired-pulse trials as a percentage of the p38 MAPK inhibitor test MEP (Ferbert et al., 1992; Hübers et al., 2008). Group differences in baseline EMG mirroring, background EMG activity and acceleration peak (as calculated in the 1st trial measurements) and TMS DNA Damage inhibitor parameters (as
calculated before the motor training) were evaluated using Student’s t-tests. To evaluate the course of EMG mirroring and background EMG activity and acceleration peak during the motor training task, a normalization procedure was used. Absolute values of each parameter (from the 2nd to the 10th trial of the training) were normalized to their corresponding baseline (1st trial). These data were then entered into separate repeated-measures analysis of variance (anova) using EMG mirroring and background EMG activity and acceleration peak as dependent variables, TRIAL NUMBER (nine levels: 2nd to 10th trial) as within-subject dipyridamole factor and FEEDBACK (two levels: feedback vs. no feedback) as between-group factor. Motor task-related changes in TMS measures of corticospinal excitability (MEPs amplitude) were evaluated using a repeated-measures anova with within-subject factors CS INTENSITY (five levels: 110–150% RMT) and MOTOR TRAINING (two levels: pre-training vs. post-training). To evaluate the s- and l-IHI measures, the within-subject factor ISI
(two levels: 12 vs. 30 ms) was included. To evaluate group differences the between-group factor FEEDBACK (two levels: feedback vs. no feedback) was also included. Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was calculated to evaluate our a priori hypotheses, i.e. possible associations between practice-related changes of EMG mirroring, baseline maximal s-IHI and l-IHI, and overall changes in either s-IHI or l-IHI. Finally, we tested whether changes of EMG mirroring correlated with practice-related changes (%) of other parameters, i.e. acceleration peak of the ballistic movement and average corticospinal excitability of the trained hemisphere (see Results). Tukey honest significant difference test was used for the post hoc analysis in the anovas. Unless otherwise stated, all results are indicated as mean values ± standard error of the mean (SEM). In all tests the level of significance was set at P < 0.05.
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