This benchmark allows for the quantitative comparison of the trade-offs associated with the three configurations and the impact of key optical parameters, giving useful insight into the choice of parameters and configuration for practical applications of LF-PIV.
The direct reflection amplitudes r_ss and r_pp are unaffected by the positive or negative signs of the optic axis's direction cosines. Despite – or -, the azimuthal angle of the optic axis remains unchanged. The odd nature of the cross-polarization amplitudes r_sp Ibuprofen sodium datasheet and r_ps is a defining characteristic; they are also bound by the general relationships r_sp(+) = r_ps(+) and r_sp(+) + r_ps(−) = 0. Absorbing media with complex refractive indices are uniformly subject to these symmetries, which in turn affect their complex reflection amplitudes. When the angle of incidence approaches normal, the reflection amplitudes of a uniaxial crystal are expressed analytically. Reflection amplitudes r_ss and r_pp, corresponding to unchanged polarization, have corrections that are dependent on the square of the angle of incidence. The equal amplitudes of cross-reflection, r_sp and r_ps, prevail at normal incidence, with corrections to their values being first-order approximations with respect to the angle of incidence and possessing opposing signs. The reflection of non-absorbing calcite and absorbing selenium is illustrated across a spectrum of incidence angles: normal incidence and small (6 degrees) and large (60 degrees) incidence.
Surface structures of biological tissue samples are visualized through Mueller matrix polarization imaging, a new biomedical optical method, revealing both polarization and intensity information. A system for Mueller polarization imaging, in reflection mode, is presented in this paper to obtain the Mueller matrix from specimens. Employing a conventional Mueller matrix polarization decomposition approach and a newly proposed direct method, the samples exhibit diattenuation, phase retardation, and depolarization characteristics. The observed results pinpoint the direct method's superiority in both ease of use and speed over the time-honored decomposition method. The polarization parameter combination approach, involving the combination of any two of diattenuation, phase retardation, and depolarization, is presented. This results in the derivation of three new quantitative parameters that allow for a greater resolution in the identification of anisotropic structures. In vitro sample pictures are shown to demonstrate the utility of the parameters that have been introduced.
Diffractive optical elements possess a key intrinsic property: wavelength selectivity, which offers considerable potential for applications. We concentrate on precisely controlling wavelength selection, managing the efficiency distribution within specific diffraction orders across the ultraviolet to infrared spectrum using interlaced double-layer single-relief blazed gratings comprising two different materials. An investigation into the impact of intersecting or partially overlapping dispersion curves on diffraction efficiency across multiple orders is undertaken by considering the dispersion characteristics of inorganic glasses, layered materials, polymers, nanocomposites, and high-index liquids, leading to guidelines for material selection based on required optical performance. The assignment of diverse small or large wavelength ranges to distinct diffraction orders is achievable with high efficiency by selecting appropriate materials and controlling the grating's depth, resulting in advantageous applications within optical systems encompassing imaging and broad-spectrum lighting.
Traditionally, the two-dimensional phase unwrapping problem (PHUP) has been addressed using discrete Fourier transforms (DFTs) and various other approaches. Despite this, a formal approach to solving the continuous Poisson equation for the PHUP, leveraging continuous Fourier transforms and distribution theory, remains unreported, as far as we are aware. A generally applicable solution to this equation involves convolving a continuous Laplacian estimate with a specific Green function. Crucially, the Fourier Transform of this Green function is mathematically undefined. An alternative Green function, termed the Yukawa potential, with a guaranteed Fourier spectrum, is an option when confronting an approximated Poisson equation. This then leads to the utilization of a standard Fourier transform-based unwrapping process. This work details the general steps of this approach, employing synthetic and real data reconstructions.
To achieve optimization of phase-only computer-generated holograms for a multi-depth three-dimensional (3D) target, we apply a limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (L-BFGS) method. We employ a novel method—L-BFGS with sequential slicing (SS)—for partial hologram evaluation during optimization, eschewing the complete 3D reconstruction. The loss is calculated for just one reconstruction slice at each step. We find that the curvature information recorded by L-BFGS contributes to its effective imbalance suppression when applied with the SS technique.
The issue of optical interaction between light and a two-dimensional collection of identical spherical particles situated within a boundless homogeneous absorbing host medium is scrutinized. The optical response of this system, including the effects of multiple light scattering, is characterized by equations derived through a statistical methodology. The spectral characteristics of coherent transmission, reflection, incoherent scattering, and absorption coefficients are numerically documented for thin dielectric, semiconductor, and metallic films, each hosting a monolayer of particles with differing spatial arrangements. Ibuprofen sodium datasheet Comparing the results to the characteristics of inverse structure particles, which consist of the host medium material, and vice versa is necessary. A correlation between the monolayer filling factor and the redshift of surface plasmon resonance in gold (Au) nanoparticles within a fullerene (C60) matrix is presented in the accompanying data. The known experimental results demonstrate qualitative consistency with their findings. Future electro-optical and photonic device development may be influenced by these findings.
Starting with Fermat's principle, we present a comprehensive derivation of the generalized laws of reflection and refraction, applicable to a metasurface design. We commence by utilizing the Euler-Lagrange equations to determine how a light ray travels across the metasurface. Numerical verification supports the analytically calculated ray-path equation. Three principal features characterize the generalized laws of reflection and refraction: (i) Their utility extends to both gradient-index and geometrical optics; (ii) A multitude of reflections inside the metasurface leads to the emergence of a collection of rays; (iii) Despite their derivation from Fermat's principle, these laws differ from earlier published results.
A two-dimensional freeform reflector design is combined with a scattering surface modeled using microfacets, i.e., small, specular surfaces, which simulate surface roughness. The convolution integral of scattered light intensity, as modeled, leads to an inverse specular problem following deconvolution. Ultimately, the structure of a reflector with a scattering surface can be computed by performing deconvolution, subsequently addressing the conventional inverse problem within specular reflector design. Surface scattering's influence on reflector radius was observed, exhibiting a slight percentage variation correlated with the scattering intensity.
The optical response of two multi-layered structures, featuring one or two corrugated interfaces, is scrutinized, taking as a starting point the micro-structural patterns observed in the wing scales of the Dione vanillae butterfly. Reflectance is calculated using the C-method and then put against the corresponding reflectance of a planar multilayer. The detailed effect of each geometric parameter on the angular response, which is key for iridescent structures, is carefully examined. This study's findings are intended to inform the development of multilayered structures exhibiting specific optical characteristics.
We introduce a method for real-time phase-shifting interferometry in this paper. A customized reference mirror, in the form of a parallel-aligned liquid crystal on a silicon display, underpins this technique. A display-based implementation of the four-step algorithm relies on the pre-programming of macropixel sets, which are then categorized into four distinct zones featuring the correct phase shifts. Ibuprofen sodium datasheet The phase of the wavefront can be ascertained, thanks to spatial multiplexing, at a rate dictated solely by the integration time of the detector in use. The customized mirror, capable of both compensating for the initial curvature of the subject and introducing the requisite phase shifts, enables phase calculations. The process of reconstructing static and dynamic objects is exemplified.
A prior paper introduced a modal spectral element method (SEM) whose innovative feature was its hierarchical basis formed with modified Legendre polynomials, proving extremely useful for analyzing lamellar gratings. Maintaining the same components, this study has broadened its methodology to include the general case of binary crossed gratings. The SEM's geometric adaptability is showcased by gratings whose designs don't conform to the elementary cell's borders. The method is assessed for accuracy through comparison against the Fourier Modal Method (FMM) in the context of anisotropic crossed gratings, and additionally compared to the FMM incorporating adaptive resolution for a square-hole array situated within a silver film.
Theoretically, we analyzed the optical force affecting a nano-dielectric sphere illuminated with a pulsed Laguerre-Gaussian beam. Within the confines of the dipole approximation, analytical formulations for optical force were developed. Using the analytical expressions, the optical force's sensitivity to changes in pulse duration and beam mode order (l,p) was analyzed in detail.
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