J Biol Chem 2005, 280:13256–13264.CrossRefPubMed 38. Pridmore RD: New and versatile cloning vectors with kanamycin-resistance marker. Gene 1987,
56:309–312.CrossRefPubMed 39. Swartley JS, Ahn JH, Liu LJ, Kahler CM, Stephens DS: Expression of sialic acid and polysialic acid in serogroup B Neisseria meningitidis : divergent transcription of biosynthesis and transport operons through a common promoter region. J Bacteriol 1996,178(14):4052–4059.PubMed Authors’ contributions SD and DS conceived of the scientific concept that formed the basis of this manuscript. EC performed the experiments and participated in the data analysis. DS wrote the manuscript.”
“Background Infection with non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a major cause of food-borne selleck products disease in humans worldwide [1–3]. Animals and their products, particularly poultry and chicken eggs, are regarded as the main sources of this pathogen, although others, such as fresh vegetables, are also important [4–6]. A peculiar epidemiological feature of salmonellosis is that major outbreaks and BKM120 ic50 epidemics are commonly associated with a dominant serovar of S. enterica and the particular serovar
involved shows temporal and geographical variation. Until the 1980s S. enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) was the most common serovar isolated from humans worldwide. However, in the late 1980s S. Enteritidis emerged as the most common cause of human salmonellosis in Europe and during the 1990s it became the most prevalent serovar in many countries worldwide [7–9]. In Uruguay, until 1994 S. Typhimurium was the most
frequently isolated serovar and S. Enteritidis was only isolated sporadically [10–12]. The first significant recorded outbreak Tolmetin of S. Enteritidis infection occurred in 1995 and from 1997 onwards it became the most prevalent serovar. After 2004 the number of isolates started to decline markedly, suggesting a post-epidemic period. The reasons for this worldwide serovar shift are still not understood, and several hypotheses have been proposed, including the existence of a rodent reservoir for S. Enteritidis, or the epidemiological change induced by vaccination of poultry against the closely related S. enterica serovar Gallinarum [13]. S. Enteritidis is highly clonal [14, 15] so it has been difficult to discriminate genetic types by methods like multilocus sequence typing (MLST), pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphism DNA-PCR (RAPD-PCR) or ribotyping. DNA microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) has been used to explore genetic diversity and to search for genes involved in virulence, LB-100 chemical structure transmission and host specificity in several different microbial pathogens [16–19] as well as in different serovars of S. enterica [20–26]. In this study we have genotyped 266 isolates of S.
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