Many physiological processes, including proper tissue development and homeostasis, require a balance between apoptosis and cell proliferation. All somatic cells prolifer ate via a mitotic process determined by progression through the cell cycle. Apoptosis occurs in a wide variety of physiological settings, where its role is to remove harmful, damaged or unwanted cells. Apoptosis and cell proliferation are linked by cell cycle regulators and apoptotic stimuli that affect both processes. A failure in regulating proliferation together with suppres sion of apoptosis are the minimal requirements for a cell to become cancerous. In the context of aberrant growth control, many im portant genes responsible for the genesis of various can cers have been discovered and the pathways through which they act characterized.
Two proteins involved intimately in regulating cell proliferation are Akt and the tumor suppressor p53. The protein serine threo nine kinase Akt plays an important role in averting cell death. A diverse selleck chemical range of physiological stimuli induce Akt kinase activity, including many trophic factors which promote survival, at least in part, through Akt activation via the phosphatidyli nositide 3 OH kinase signaling cascade. Moreover, induced Akt activity is sufficient to block apoptosis triggered by many death stimuli. p53 has an important protective role against undesired cell proliferation. As such, p53 has been de scribed as the guardian of the genome. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that normally inhibits cell growth and stimulates cell death in response to myriad stressors, including DNA damage, oxidative stress, and deregulated oncogene expression.
p53 activation is characterized by a drastic increase and its rapid accumulation in stressed cells. p53 is a master gene regulator controlling diverse cellular path ways, by either buy L-Mimosine activating or repressing downstream genes. Among such genes, there is also the proto oncogene c myc, which is negatively regulated by p53. The c myc proto oncogene encodes the c myc transcription factor, and was originally identified as the cellular homologue to the viral oncogene of the avian myelocytomatosis retrovirus. More recently, elevated or deregulated expression of c myc has been detected in a wide range of human cancers, and is often associated with aggressive, poorly differentiated tumours.
One of the key biological functions of c myc is its ability to promote cell cycle progression by repressing genes as the cyclin dependent kinase inhibi tors p21 WAF1 and p27Kip1, which are involved in cell cycle arrest. Cell division relies on the activation of cyclins, which bind to cyclin dependent kinases to induce cell cycle progression towards mitosis. Following anti mitogenic signals, p21 and p27 bind to cyclin dependent kinase complexes to inhibit their catalytic activity and induce cell cycle arrest.
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