Monocyte subsets are also critical in complications of atherosclerosis such as myocardial infarction. In this case of acute inflammation, inflammatory and proteolytic Ly6Chigh CCR2high and reparative Ly6Clow CCR2− monocytes accumulate in the infarcted myocardium sequentially 24. Monocyte subsets contribute in specific ways to myocardial ischemic injury: the Ly6Chigh cells, which dominate early, degrade released macromolecules and scavenge dead cardiomyocytes, whereas the Ly6Clow cells accumulate later and mediate
aspects of granulation tissue formation and remodeling. Many of the recruited monocytes accumulate from a recently recognized splenic monocyte reservoir 25. Regardless of subset, lipid Y-27632 ic50 encounter in the vascular wall may be a decisive experience in the life of a lesion-infiltrating monocyte. We have known for years that monocyte-derived macrophages recognize and ingest
oxidized lipoproteins via scavenger receptors, and that the ensuing lipid-rich foam cells contribute to the development of a necrotic core, a key feature of a vulnerable plaque 6. At the molecular level, we now understand that recognition of cholesterol crystals activates the NLRP3 inflammasome that then releases IL-1β 26, 27. This cytokine is an upstream inflammatory mediator and a contributor to atherosclerosis 28, 29. Nuclear receptors, known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs), represent another link between lipid metabolism and inflammation. As lipid-activated Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase selleck chemical transcription factors, both PPARs and LXRs integrate metabolic cues and elicit a broad range of effects 30, including the expression of inflammatory genes, such as
IL-1β, IL-6 and MCP-1, and genes associated with lipid metabolism and cholesterol efflux, such as ABCA1 and ABCG1. These last two genes also control the proliferation of hematopoietic cells because their deletion leads to severe leukocytosis and monocytosis 31. Thus, monocytes and their progeny translate metabolic cues to inflammatory signals through engagement of the NLRP3 inflammasome and cholesterol-sensing pathways (Fig. 1). These findings are important because they identify inducers, sensors and mediators of inflammation that drive atherosclerosis, and thus represent molecular therapeutic targets. It is not surprising that much research in the context of atherosclerosis has focused on the intersection between metabolism and inflammation. The disease involves lipid accumulation and metabolic deregulation, and the propensity of these components to accelerate atherogenesis was appreciated long before it was recognized that inflammation plays a decisive role. In cancer, the influence of lipids is poorly understood and, indeed, high lipid content is not a defining feature of most tumors.
Related posts:
- elegans, the growth of some critical subsets of channels, pore an
- However, whether GA acts directly on the monocyte population or t
- In addition, they have been shown to chemoattract CD4 T cells and
- Notably and interestingly, not just NO production was far more pr
- BIBR 1532 was a significant reduction in atherosclerotic