The deadly and recurrent malignant tumor, human colorectal cancer (CRC), is characterized by a high incidence. A worrisome trend of increasing CRC rates is observed in both advanced and developing economies, highlighting a substantial global health predicament. Consequently, innovative management and preventive strategies are crucial for minimizing the incidence of colorectal cancer-related illnesses and fatalities. Employing hot water extraction, South African seaweed fucoidans were subject to structural analysis using FTIR, NMR, and TGA. Chemical characterization of the fucoidans was undertaken to identify their composition. Moreover, the effects of fucoidans on the cancer-fighting abilities of human HCT116 colorectal cells were examined. Using the resazurin assay, the effect of fucoidan on the viability of HCT116 cells was examined. Later, the ability of fucoidans to suppress colony formation was explored. The effect of fucoidan on the migration of HCT116 cells, in both two-dimensional and three-dimensional settings, was investigated using the wound healing assay for 2D contexts and the spheroid migration assay for 3D contexts. Lastly, an investigation into the ability of fucoidans to discourage cell adhesion in HCT116 cells was undertaken. A notable characteristic was found in our examination of Ecklonia species. Compared to Sargassum elegans and commercially available Fucus vesiculosus fucoidans, fucoidans possessed a higher carbohydrate content and a lower sulfate content. At a fucoidan concentration of 100 g/mL, HCT116 colorectal cancer cells demonstrated an 80% decrease in 2D and 3D migration capabilities. HCT116 cell adhesion was demonstrably inhibited by 40% owing to the fucoidan concentration. Besides this, the sustained proliferation of HCT116 cancer cell colonies was hampered by specific fucoidan extracts. The characterized fucoidan extracts showed significant anti-cancer potential in laboratory tests, thus demanding further assessment in preclinical and clinical research.
Carotenoids and squalene, important terpenes, are used extensively in numerous food and cosmetic products. To potentially optimize production methods, Thraustochytrids may serve as alternative organisms, though these organisms are rarely investigated. Potential carotenoid and squalene production by 62 thraustochytrid strains (sensu lato) was the focus of a screening investigation. Based on analyses of 18S rRNA gene sequences, a phylogenetic tree was created to classify thraustochytrids, which demonstrated eight different evolutionary lineages. Experiment design (DoE) and growth modeling indicated that high concentrations of glucose (up to 60 g/L) and yeast extract (up to 15 g/L) played a significant role in the performance of most strains. The production of squalene and carotenoids was examined using the quantitative analytical method UHPLC-PDA-MS. The phylogenetic structure was partially reproduced by the cluster analysis of carotenoid compositions, indicating a potential avenue for chemotaxonomic applications. Five clades of strains displayed the capacity to create carotenoids. All strains investigated contained squalene. The synthesis rates of carotenoids and squalene were impacted by the strain type, the makeup of the growth medium, and the firmness of the cultivation matrix. Strains of Thraustochytrium aureum and Thraustochytriidae sp. exhibit a promising capacity for carotenoid biosynthesis. The production of squalene might be achievable using strains that are closely related to Schizochytrium aggregatum. The employment of Thraustochytrium striatum could offer a valuable trade-off for the creation of both molecule groups.
Monascus, a mold also known as red yeast rice, anka, or koji, has been utilized as a natural food coloring agent and food additive in Asian countries for more than one thousand years. Traditional Chinese medicine and Chinese herbology have incorporated it because of its ability to soothe digestion and its antiseptic properties. Still, depending on the particular cultural context, the substances within Monascus-fermented foods may undergo modifications. For this reason, an in-depth analysis of the ingredients and the bioactivities exhibited by Monascus-derived natural substances is important. Through a comprehensive examination of the chemical components within M. purpureus wmd2424, five novel compounds, monascuspurins A through E (1-5), were isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the mangrove-derived fungus Monascus purpureus wmd2424, cultivated in RGY medium. The identity of all constituents was determined using HRESIMS and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques. Further investigations were conducted to determine their effectiveness against fungi. The observed antifungal activity, exhibited by four constituents (compounds 3 through 5), was moderate when tested against Aspergillus niger, Penicillium italicum, Candida albicans, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It is noteworthy that the chemical composition of the reference strain Monascus purpureus wmd2424 has not yet been investigated.
Marine environments, spanning over 70% of the Earth's surface, include extremely diverse habitats, each possessing unique and particular characteristics. The diverse array of environments is evident in the chemical makeup of the living things found within them. check details Marine organisms serve as a rich source of bioactive compounds, which are now extensively investigated for their advantageous health effects, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and anticancer properties. Marine fungi have prominently featured in the last several decades due to their capability to yield compounds with therapeutic properties. check details This research sought to delineate the fatty acid profiles of isolates from the fungi Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zalerion maritima, and to appraise the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities of their corresponding lipid extracts. The GC-MS analysis of fatty acid profiles in E. cladophorae and Z. maritima species demonstrated the prevalence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, at 50% and 34%, respectively, including the omega-3 fatty acid 18:3 n-3. The anti-inflammatory potential of Emericellopsis cladophorae and Zostera maritima lipid extracts was observed through their inhibition of COX-2, yielding 92% and 88% inhibition, respectively, at 200 grams per milliliter of lipid. The lipid fractions isolated from Emericellopsis cladophorae displayed significant suppression of COX-2 activity, even at a low concentration of 20 g/mL of lipid (54% inhibition), in marked difference from the dose-dependent inhibition response exhibited by Zostera maritima. In the assessment of antioxidant activity using total lipid extracts, the lipid extract from E. cladophorae demonstrated no activity. In contrast, the Z. maritima lipid extract displayed an IC20 value of 1166.62 g mL-1 in the DPPH assay, translating to 921.48 mol Trolox per gram of lipid extract, and 1013.144 g mL-1 in the ABTS+ assay, representing 1066.148 mol Trolox per gram of lipid extract. The lipid extracts from both fungal types lacked antibacterial properties within the examined concentration range. This initial investigation into the biochemistry of these marine organisms establishes the bioactive potential of lipid extracts from marine fungi, paving the way for biotechnological applications.
The unicellular, marine, heterotrophic protists, Thraustochytrids, have shown a promising capacity for the production of omega-3 fatty acids from the processing of lignocellulosic hydrolysates and wastewaters. The biorefinery potential of dilute acid-pretreated marine macroalgae (Enteromorpha) was investigated through fermentation, alongside glucose, using a previously isolated thraustochytrid strain, (Aurantiochytrium limacinum PKU#Mn4). The dry cell weight (DCW) of the Enteromorpha hydrolysate was 43.93% composed of total reducing sugars. check details The strain's output included a peak DCW value (432,009 grams per liter) and total fatty acid (TFA) concentration (065,003 grams per liter) when cultivated in a medium enriched with 100 grams per liter of hydrolysate. Under fermentation conditions where the hydrolysate concentration was 80 g/L and the glucose concentration was 40 g/L, the respective maximum TFA yields were 0.1640160 g/g DCW and 0.1960010 g/g DCW. The compositional analysis of TFA's components, found in either hydrolysate or glucose medium, indicated the equal production of fractions (% TFA) of saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The hydrolysate medium produced by the strain exhibited a substantially greater proportion (261-322%) of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3), a significant contrast to the glucose medium's significantly lower level (025-049%). Enteromorpha hydrolysate, in our study, appears to be a potential natural substrate for thraustochytrids, facilitating the production of high-value fatty acids through fermentation.
In low- and middle-income countries, cutaneous leishmaniasis is a prominent vector-borne parasitic disease. Guatemala's endemic CL has experienced an increase in the number of reported cases and incidence, along with a transformation in the disease's distribution patterns over the last ten years. The 1980s and 1990s saw important Guatemalan research dedicated to the understanding of CL epidemiology, leading to the identification of two Leishmania species as the causative agents. Of the several reported sand fly species, a specific five species exhibit a natural infection with Leishmania. Different treatments were assessed in national clinical trials, establishing substantial evidence supporting CL control strategies deployable worldwide. Qualitative surveys, conducted during the two decades spanning the 2000s and 2010s, aimed to comprehend community perceptions regarding the disease and to delineate the challenges and enablers of its control. The recent data regarding the current chikungunya (CL) situation in Guatemala are constrained; therefore, critical information, such as determining vectors and reservoirs, is still absent, impeding effective disease control. The current state of knowledge regarding Chagas disease (CL) in Guatemala, encompassing the main parasite and sand fly species, reservoir hosts, diagnostic and control techniques, and local community perceptions in endemic regions, is presented in this review.
Phosphatidic acid (PA), a fundamental phospholipid, acts as a key metabolic intermediate and second messenger, impacting a broad spectrum of cellular and physiological functions, across organisms from microbes and plants to mammals.
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