S1. Representative AP-2α and SOX-10 stainings corresponding to the neural crest scores. Fig. S2. KCC2-C568A mice survive postnatally. Fig. S3. Proliferating and apoptotic cells were not different in transgenic embryos. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer-reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset by Wiley-Blackwell. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. “
“The dentate gyrus is the main
hippocampal input structure receiving strong excitatory cortical afferents via the perforant learn more path. Therefore, inhibition at this ‘hippocampal gate’ is important, particularly during postnatal development, Idelalisib datasheet when the hippocampal network is prone to seizures. The present study describes the development of tonic GABAergic inhibition in mouse dentate gyrus. A prominent tonic GABAergic component was already present at early postnatal stages (postnatal day 3), in contrast to the slowly developing phasic postsynaptic GABAergic currents. Tonic currents were mediated by GABAA receptors containing α5- and δ-subunits, which are sensitive to low ambient GABA concentrations.
The extracellular GABA level was determined by synaptic GABA release and GABA uptake via the GABA transporter 1. The contribution of these main Urocanase regulatory components was surprisingly stable during postnatal granule cell maturation. Throughout postnatal development, tonic GABAergic signals were inhibitory. They increased the action potential threshold of granule cells and reduced network excitability, starting as early as postnatal day 3. Thus, tonic inhibition is already functional at early developmental
stages and plays a key role in regulating the excitation/inhibition balance of both the adult and the maturing dentate gyrus. “
“The spatial components of a visual scene are processed neurally in a sequence of coarse features followed by fine features. This coarse-to-fine temporal stream was initially considered to be a cortical function, but has recently been demonstrated in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that coarse-to-fine processing is present at earlier stages of visual processing in the retinal ganglion cells that supply lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) neurons. To compare coarse-to-fine processing in the cat’s visual system, we measured the visual responses of connected neuronal pairs from the retina and LGN, and separate populations of cells from each region. We found that coarse-to-fine processing was clearly present at the ganglion cell layer of the retina.
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