While many core ideas are found in general biology and various biology specializations, neuroscience has not yet created a widely accepted set of foundational ideas for use in higher-education neuroscience courses. selleck compound A list of core concepts was derived from an empirical investigation, in which more than 100 neuroscience educators participated. A national survey, combined with a working session involving 103 neuroscience educators, served to establish the procedure for defining core neuroscience concepts, mimicking the approach used to develop core concepts in physiology. Eight core concepts, accompanied by detailed explanatory paragraphs, emerged from the iterative process. Eight crucial concepts—communication modalities, emergence, evolution, gene-environment interactions, information processing, nervous system functions, plasticity, and structure-function—are represented by these abbreviations. We describe the pedagogical research process underpinning the establishment of core neuroscience concepts, and showcase examples of their implementation in neuroscience education.
Examples presented in class frequently serve as the primary source of undergraduate biology students' molecular-level understanding of stochastic (random or noisy) biological processes. As a result, pupils commonly reveal an inadequate ability to accurately apply their knowledge in diverse settings. Importantly, suitable tools to assess students' mastery of these probabilistic processes are absent, despite their fundamental role in biology and the increasing evidence of their relevance. Therefore, we constructed the Molecular Randomness Concept Inventory (MRCI), comprising nine multiple-choice questions derived from prevalent student misconceptions, to evaluate student understanding of stochastic processes in biological systems. In Switzerland, the MRCI instrument was applied to a cohort of 67 first-year natural science students. Through the combined use of classical test theory and Rasch modeling, the psychometric properties of the inventory received a comprehensive evaluation. selleck compound Ultimately, think-aloud interviews were conducted to improve the accuracy and validity of the responses. selleck compound Consistent with expectations, the MRCI exhibited validity and reliability in estimating student grasp of molecular randomness within the higher education environment studied. Ultimately, the performance analysis uncovers the full picture of student understanding of the molecular concept of stochasticity, along with its constraints.
The Current Insights feature is dedicated to introducing life science educators and researchers to current and noteworthy articles featured in social science and educational publications. This presentation examines three recent studies in psychology and STEM education, with a focus on their relevance to life science education. The instructor's beliefs regarding intelligence are conveyed to students through classroom interactions. The second inquiry explores how the dual role of instructor and researcher might result in distinct facets of pedagogical identity. The third approach to defining student success, drawing on the values of Latinx college students, offers an alternative perspective.
Assessment settings directly affect the ways in which students formulate ideas and the methods they utilize to connect and organize knowledge. We investigated the impact of surface-level item context on student reasoning through the application of a mixed-methods approach. In the first study, an isomorphic survey about student reasoning concerning fluid dynamics, a foundational science concept, was created and tested. Two case studies, blood vessels and water pipes, were used. The survey was provided to students in human anatomy and physiology (HA&P) and physics classes. A notable disparity emerged in two of sixteen between-context comparisons, and our survey highlighted a significant contrast in how HA&P and physics students responded. Study 2's methodology involved conducting interviews with HA&P students, aiming to further explore the findings from Study 1. From the resources and theoretical framework, we ascertained that HA&P students engaging with the blood vessel protocol showcased a higher frequency of employing teleological cognitive resources compared to those engaging with the water pipes protocol. In addition, students' consideration of water pipes unexpectedly introduced HA&P subject matter. Our study's conclusions reinforce a dynamic model of cognition, echoing previous research, which indicates item context influences student's reasoning capabilities. Instructors must also understand that context plays a crucial role in how students reason about cross-cutting phenomena, according to these results.
Correlations between behavioral responses to sexual assault and subsequent posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among college women (N=152) were investigated, acknowledging the possible moderating effect of alexithymia. A pronounced difference was detected in responses to immobilization (b=0.052, p < 0.001). The results of the study highlighted a correlation between childhood sexual abuse, with a beta coefficient of 0.18 (p=0.01), and alexithymia, with a beta coefficient of 0.34 (p<0.001). Substantial predictive power was observed for the variables in relation to PTSD. The data revealed a considerable link between immobilized responses and alexithymia (b=0.39, p=0.002), with this link being stronger in individuals with higher alexithymia scores. A connection exists between PTSD and immobilized responses, especially for those who struggle with the process of identifying and naming their emotions.
Alondra Nelson, with two years of experience in Washington, D.C., now looks forward to rejoining the Princeton University community. By President Joe Biden, a highly decorated sociologist, who has extensively written and researched on the intersection of genetics and race, was appointed deputy director for science and society in the Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) in 2021. Eric Lander's removal from his position as head of the office the following year led to Nelson taking the interim director's role. He held it until Arati Prabhakar was officially appointed permanent director eight months later. During a recent conversation with Nelson, we probed into a variety of subjects, ranging from the intricacies of scientific publication to the exciting advancements in artificial intelligence. A legacy of science policy-making that fosters equity is unmistakably left behind by her.
We investigate the historical development of grapevines, including domestication, with a global sample of 3525 cultivated and wild grape accessions. The separation of wild grape ecotypes in the Pleistocene era was a consequence of the rigorous climate and relentless habitat fragmentation. In Western Asia and the Caucasus, roughly 11,000 years ago, table and wine grapevines were brought under domestication. Western Asian domesticated grapes, introduced to Europe by early farmers, became integrated with ancient wild western ecotypes, resulting in hybrid grape varieties. These diverse lineages subsequently diversified along the migratory trails of humans, leading to the development of muscat and distinct ancestral lineages of Western wine grapes by the close of the Neolithic period. Studies of domesticated traits expose new knowledge about the selection of berry palatability, hermaphroditism, muscat aroma, and berry skin color. Across Eurasia, the early beginnings of agriculture are tied to grapevines, as shown in these data.
Extreme wildfires are becoming more common, resulting in a more pronounced and significant impact on Earth's climate. While tropical forest fires receive greater attention, boreal forests, one of the largest biomes on Earth and currently experiencing the fastest warming, are still suffering substantial wildfires that often go unnoticed. We undertook the task of monitoring fire emissions in boreal forests using a satellite-based atmospheric inversion system. Boreal forests are under increasing threat from wildfires, with warmer and drier fire seasons exacerbating the issue. The exceptional 23% (48 billion metric tons of carbon) contribution to global fire carbon dioxide emissions by boreal fires in 2021 represented the highest percentage recorded since 2000, usually accounting for 10% of such emissions. The year 2021 stood out as exceptional due to the synchronized extreme water deficit experienced by North American and Eurasian boreal forests. The escalating incidence of extreme boreal fires and the escalating climate-fire feedback threaten climate mitigation strategies.
Within dark marine environments, the swift prey of echolocating toothed whales (odontocetes) are apprehended due to the animals' ability to produce powerful, ultrasonic clicks. The process through which their seemingly air-powered sound source yields biosonar clicks at oceanic depths exceeding 1000 meters, alongside the generation of a vast vocal range for complex social interactions, continues to elude comprehension. Analogous to the laryngeal and syringeal sound production methods, odontocetes generate sound by air driven through nasal passages. The physiological basis for classifying the vocal repertoires of all major odontocete clades is the generation of distinct echolocation and communication signals through tissue vibration across different registers. Powerful, highly air-efficient echolocation clicks are produced through the use of the vocal fry register, a method utilized by marine animals such as porpoises and sperm whales.
The RNA exonuclease USB1's 3' to 5' activity, when disrupted by mutations, can lead to hematopoietic failure in poikiloderma with neutropenia (PN). Despite USB1's established role in regulating U6 snRNA maturation, the molecular mechanisms involved in PN remain unclear, as pre-mRNA splicing pathways are unaffected in affected individuals. Embryonic human stem cells hosting the PN-associated mutation c.531 delA in the USB1 gene were generated, and we illustrated how this mutation affects the processes of human hematopoiesis. Mutational alterations of USB1, leading to dysregulated microRNA (miRNA) levels, impede the removal of 3'-end adenylated tails by PAPD5/7, resulting in the compromised hematopoietic process and hematopoietic failure.
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