The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest The

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. The authors thank FAPESP for financial support (Grant No. 08/55382-7). Sandra H.P. Farsky this website and Wothan Tavares de Lima are fellows of the Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Tecnologia (CNPq), and Cristina B. Hebeda is a Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento

de Nível Superior (CAPES) postdoctoral fellow. The authors also thank Dr. Simone Marques Bolonheis for technical assistance. “
“Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and is produced during the incomplete combustion of organic material. BaP is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (Cyp450) enzymes to BaP diol epoxide (BPDE) (Gelboin, 1980 and Pelkonen and Nebert, 1982), which results in the formation of DNA adducts (Conney, 1982). Unrepaired DNA adducts can cause mutations in vital genes including tumour suppressors or oncogenes, deregulation of which may lead to cancer (Levin et al., 1982). BaP causes tumours in experimental animals, and epidemiological evidence supports an association between BaP exposure and cancer incidence in humans (IARC, 1973) (reviewed in Boysen and Hecht, 2003). BaP is metabolized in both the liver and lung, and comparable

levels of BaP metabolite-induced DNA adduct formation, oxidative stress, and DNA damage Cilengitide are observed in both tissues. However, the lung is specifically targeted for BaP-induced carcinogenesis (not liver), suggesting the Cediranib (AZD2171) response to BaP in lung and liver tissues involves different molecular pathways (Wattenberg and Leong, 1970). Suggested mechanisms for the observed discrepancy include higher retention of BaP (Harrigan et al., 2004) and greater induction of the BaP metabolizing enzymes Cyp1A1 and Cyp1B1 in lungs relative to liver ( Harrigan et al., 2006). Several studies have reported changes in the expression of genes that are

implicated in pathways related not just to xenobiotic metabolism and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) response, but also to those involved in cell cycle, p53 response, and apoptosis following in vitro exposure to BaP or its metabolites ( Hockley et al., 2006, Hockley et al., 2008, Keshava et al., 2005 and Vaziri and Faller, 1997). These reports suggest that BaP-induced carcinogenesis is complex and potentially involves perturbations in multiple biological pathways. However, in vivo work examining global transcriptional responses to BaP in rodent tissues is scarce ( Harrigan et al., 2006 and Shi et al., 2010). We previously examined global hepatic mRNA and microRNA (miRNA) profiles in adult male mice following exposure by oral gavage to BaP for 3 days (Yauk et al., 2010). We observed a robust transcriptional response encompassing many of the expected genes and pathways at the mRNA level. However, we found no evidence for any changes in hepatic miRNAs following the exposure.

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