The literature on the effects of BCAA on glucose BLZ945 in vivo uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles has been equivocal [5, 41–43]. It has been reported that supplementation of leucine in combination with carbohydrate after exercise resulted in higher post-exercise insulin concentration and greater muscle glycogen recovery in athletes, compared to the same amount of carbohydrate [5]. In addition, oral supplementation of BCAA has been reported to increase glycogen synthase activity in rat skeletal muscles [42]. Leucine has also been shown to increase
insulin-independent glucose uptake BB-94 supplier in isolated rat skeletal muscles through phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) pathway [44]. On the other hand, leucine infusion decreased glucose
uptake in human forearm muscles in a dose-dependent manner despite the elevated plasma insulin levels [45]. Infusion of amino acid mixtures containing BCAA and arginine also impaired insulin-stimulated glucose disposal and glycogen synthesis in human skeletal muscles by increasing the inhibitory insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation and decreasing PI3K activity [43, 46]. The results on the effect of arginine on post-exercise insulinemic response and glycogen recovery were also mixed. It has been shown that carbohydrate oxidation after exercise was lower after arginine supplementation, indicating the increase https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jq-ez-05-jqez5.html of glucose availability for muscle glycogen storage during recovery in well-trained cyclists. However, muscle glycogen resynthesis rate only showed
an insignificant trend of increase [47]. Although arginine supplementation after endurance exercise could increase glucose and insulin concentrations during the recovery period in trained athletes [18], it had no additional effect on plasma glucose and insulin concentrations when co-ingested with glucose [48]. Other studies in human subjects have also failed to show the effect of arginine supplementation combined with carbohydrate on post-exercise glycogen recovery, compared to carbohydrate alone [39, 48]. The CHO and CHO+AA trial showed significantly Thiamet G lower plasma concentrations of glycerol and NEFA than the placebo trial during the recovery period after match 2. The higher insulin response in the CHO and CHO+AA trials may suppress lipolysis and fat oxidation [49]. The higher plasma NEFA concentration at the onset of match 3 in the placebo trial would lead the subjects to use more fat as the energy source during the match. Indeed, plasma lactate concentration at the end of match 3 tended to be lower in the placebo trial. All three trials in our study showed higher exercise-induced NO production as NOx concentrations were significantly elevated after each match. However, arginine supplementation had no effect on exercise-induced NO production in these well-trained subjects. This result was in agreement with our previous study using similar exercise protocol in college judo athletes [50].
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