The majority of them were examined in terms of typing and differe

The majority of them were examined in terms of typing and differentiation using molecular methods for the first time. All the primer sets were able to generate species-specific DNA fingerprints from all the tested strains, with two exceptions

in the genera Diplodia and Spencermartinsia. Despite the deficiency of each primer sets to separate a few species, cluster analysis of combined data sets indicated the ability of rep-PCR technique to separate 26 GSK126 cost out of 27 examined species in highly supported clusters corresponded to the species recognized based on DNA sequence data. Our findings revealed the efficiency of rep-PCR for detection and differentiation of the Botryosphaeriaceae species, especially cryptic species with the same ITS sequences and similar morphology. “
“Presequences play an important role in protein import into mitochondria-like organelles. Ku-0059436 purchase Acquisition pathways have been revealed for some mitochondrial presequences, but little is known about hydrogenosomal presequences. Here we investigated

the hydrogenosomal proteins of Trichomonas vaginalis and suggest that several hydrogenosomal presequences probably evolved from pre-existing sequences that were thereafter modified. Hydrogenosomes, first isolated, purified and biochemically characterized in Trichomonas foetus in the early 1970s, are anaerobic energy stores for many anaerobic flagellates, chytridiomycete fungi and ciliates (Lindmark & Muller, 1973). Hydrogenosomes have lost the capacities of oxidative phosphorylation and the Krebs cycle; and distinct from mitochondria, they generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation and produce molecular hydrogen by oxidative

decarboxylation of pyruvate (Muller, 1993; Burri & Keeling, 2007). Although differing in metabolism, it seems clear that hydrogenosomes and mitochondria share a common ancestor given their similarities (Dolezal et al., 2006; Embley & Martin, 2006), such as conservation of the protein import machinery and the iron–sulfur cluster assembly pathway responsible for biogenesis in both (Burri & Pyruvate dehydrogenase lipoamide kinase isozyme 1 Keeling, 2007; Dolezal et al., 2007; Dyall & Dolezal, 2007). The genomes of both hydrogenosomes and mitochondria are extensively degenerated (Gray et al., 1998, 1999). Consequently, most, if not all, of the hydrogenosomal proteins are encoded by the nuclear DNA, synthesized in the cytosol, and then imported into hydrogenosome via a protein import machinery. The presequence (or transit peptide, leader peptide) is the N-extension of a newly synthesized peptide. It contains the targeting signals and directs the import of most matrix proteins, many inner membrane proteins and some intermembrane space proteins into mitochondria-like organelles (Chacinska et al., 2009). Hydrogenosomal presequences are generally similar to mitochondrial presequences, that is, they are hydrophobic, positively charged and are able to form an amphiphilic alpha helix.

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