This suggests that in

HCC, the cause-specific expression

This suggests that in

HCC, the cause-specific expression pattern of shelterin and non-shelterin factors has been acquired early during the course of the disease. Given that these factors are thought to prevent proper telomerase-telomere interaction, the present results partly explains the combination of high TA with short telomeres in HCC. Conclusion In conclusion, the control of telomere homeostasis is significantly dysregulated during liver 10058-F4 datasheet carcinogenesis and each cause of cirrhosis and HCC includes specific dysregulation of telomere protective factors. These changes occur early, at the cirrhotic stage, and persist to the tumor stage, which suggests that they contribute to both tumor development and tumor progression. By demonstrating gene and protein SIS3 purchase dysregulation that are thought to prevent proper telomerase-telomere interactions, the present results partly explain the combination of high TA with short telomeres in HCC. PF-6463922 solubility dmso Shortened and deprotected telomeres are recombinogenic and contribute

to the genetic instability that characterize HCC and facilitate tumor progression, tumor recurrence and resistance to treatment [5–8, 10]. Importantly, hepatocytes have been reported to tolerate telomere dysfunctions [37], reinforcing the tumorigenic impact of alcohol-, HBV-, and HCV-associated telomere damage in exposed individuals. Targeting Tacrolimus (FK506) telomerase is becoming a promising approach for the treatment of HCC [38–40] and our present results also support such an approach for treating the main causes of this disease. In contrast, our results suggest that targeting the cause-specific deregulation of

telomere protective factors might be of interest in the prevention or the treatment of cirrhosis and HCC. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (comités de la Savoie, de la Loire et du Rhône), Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR), Hospices Civils de Lyon, University Lyon I, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm). M.E.I. was supported by bursaries from the Région Rhône-Alpes (cluster 10) and from the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC). V.H. is supported by Hospices Civils de Lyon. C.K. is supported by the CNRS, P.M. is supported by Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon I University. F.M. is supported by Inserm and by Hospices Civils de Lyon (AVIESAN CHRT 2010). E.W. is supported by Hospices Civils de Lyon and Lyon I University. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Distribution of telomeric gene expression among the 12 non-cirrhotic and the 28 cirrhotic samples.

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