To determine whether the Neogenin/RGMa pathway is important in the fully developed retina, we examined its contribution to damage-induced neurodegeneration. The effects of RGMa on survival of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) were examined in vitro and in vivo. Using cultured whole-mount retinal explants, we showed that the addition of RGMa increased RGC survival and that this effect was mediated by the Neogenin receptor. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the inhibition of cell death by RGMa resulted from reduced caspase-3 activation. Then, using an in vivo model of RGC apoptosis after optic nerve transection, we demonstrated that intraocular injection of RGMa at 3
and 7 days after axotomy greatly reduced RGC death 14 days postaxotomy. This study provides the first evidence
that RGMa is a molecular target for GW786034 purchase neuroprotection in retinal pathologies, and suggests that targeting “”dependence receptors”" such as Neogenin has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuropathologies in the adult CNS. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: Partial nephrectomy see more for stage T1 renal cell carcinoma is oncologically efficacious and safe, and may have survival advantages. We describe our experience with partial nephrectomy for T2 or greater renal cell cancer.
Materials and Methods: Between 1970 and 2008 approximately 2,300 partial nephrectomies were done at our institution, including 69 for sporadic unilateral advanced stage tumors (pT2 in 32, pT3a in 28 and pT3b in 9). We reviewed outcomes in these patients compared to those in 207 treated with radical nephrectomy matched 3:1 for stage, tumor size, baseline renal function, age and gender.
Results: The risk of cancer specific (HR 0.80, 95% CI 0.43-1.50, p = 0.489) and overall (HR 1.11, 95% CI 0.72-1.71, p = 0.642) death was similar for partial nephrectomy. At a median of 3.2 years of followup 15 patients (22%) with partial nephrectomy had metastatic disease vs 69 (33%) with radical nephrectomy (HR 0.74, 95% CI 0.42-1.29, p = 0.29). Four patients (6%) with partial nephrectomy
had isolated local recurrence vs 7 (3%) with radical nephrectomy (HR 2.11, 95% CI 0.62-7.22, p = 0.234). In the partial Epoxomicin manufacturer nephrectomy group 12 (17%) and 2 cases (3%) were complicated by urine leak and retroperitoneal bleeding requiring intervention, respectively. The median serum creatinine increase was 9.5% (IQR 0-22) vs 33% (IQR 20-47) for partial vs radical nephrectomy (p < 0.001).
Conclusions: Partial nephrectomy for T2 or greater renal cell carcinoma preserves renal function and appears to achieve oncological outcomes similar to those of radical nephrectomy. The role of partial nephrectomy in patients with T2-3 tumors and a normal contralateral kidney deserves further consideration and study.”
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurode-generative disorder manifested by memory loss, confusion and changes in mood.
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