While an ideal marker for IBD is yet to be identified, some interesting markers with significant potential have been evaluated.7 In this review, some of the most promising disease-specific markers, which have the potential to advance diagnostic and disease monitoring practices, will BGJ398 purchase be discussed. Of particular interest are lactoferrin, M2-pyruvate kinase (PK), and two members of the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins: S100A12 and
calprotectin. In patients with IBD, the presence of active gut inflammation is associated with an acute-phase reaction and the migration of leucocytes to the gut. As a corollary, a large number of acute-phase proteins are produced.7,9 In direct contact with the intestinal mucosa, the fecal stream should therefore contain specific markers of mucosal disease, consistent with the presence and degree of intestinal
inflammation. Histological features of UC and CD include the aforementioned leucocyte infiltration, with subsequent sloughing of the cells and their products into the bowel lumen. selleck chemical Contemporaneously, the mucosa exhibits increased permeability and loss of normal barrier function.11 As a result of these processes, potential fecal biomarkers include the fecal excretion of leucocytes, leucocyte products, and serum proteins.12 Historically, the instability of inflammatory markers in the stool has led to difficulty in accurately assessing inflammatory products in the stool. The presence of fecal white cells can be a useful indicator of gut inflammation, after exclusion of infection. However, the accuracy of this marker relies upon prompt examination of the stool sample to avoid degradation of white and red blood cells by gut bacteria. Levels of α-1-antitrypsin
can be increased in the stool consequent to the disruption of the intestinal barrier, but this marker has proven to be inaccurate, relating poorly to mucosal inflammation.13 Proteins released from neutrophil secretory granules, such as myeloperoxidase, have also been used as inflammatory markers for IBD. Myeloperoxidase is stable for at least 3 days in the stool,14 with several studies indicating that myeloperoxidase is elevated in IBD.14–16 However, there is significant overlap in myeloperoxidase levels in IBD compared to healthy controls. Masoodi et al. reports 6-phosphogluconolactonase a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 51% for fecal myeloperoxidase, distinguishing adult UC patients from aged-matched healthy controls.17 The limitation of myeloperoxidase as an inflammatory marker might be its cationic charge causing adhesion to fecal particles.18 When combined with inadequate fecal extraction techniques, accurate quantification of myeloperoxidase in the feces cannot be achieved. Therefore, to date, myeloperoxidase has shown to be of only limited utility as an inflammatory marker for IBD. Currently, several standard, non-specific serum markers of inflammation are commonly used to aid in the diagnosis of IBD and the monitoring of IBD disease activity.
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