05; Fig. 3E). Suppressed proliferation in c-Jun–deficient core Tg mice also corroborated reduced PCNA and Ki-67 messenger RNA (mRNA) levels detected by qRT-PCR (Fig. 3F). These results demonstrate that the contribution of core-enhanced cellular proliferation takes place during the early stage of DEN/Pb-induced carcinogenesis, consistent with BEZ235 chemical structure the
notion that core serves as a tumor initiator. The BHA effect indicates a role of oxidative stress in hepatocellular proliferation (Fig. 3E). Interestingly, levels of the phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) were also reduced by c-jun disruption in core Tg mice, suggesting that core-induced STAT3 activation is dependent on c-Jun (Fig. 3F). These data demonstrate that HCV core promotes hepatocellular proliferation via oxidative stress and c-Jun. Because pSTAT3 has known mitogenic effects,19 c-Jun–dependent STAT3 phosphorylation suggests the contribution of this mitogenic factor as a downstream effector of c-Jun for core-induced hepatocyte proliferation. Our results demonstrate the importance of c-Jun in the HCV core protein’s ability to synergistically MG 132 enhance DEN/Pb-induced hepatocarcinogenesis as a tumor initiator. We asked next which c-Jun/AP-1 target genes are up-regulated and implicated in our synergism model. c-Jun/AP-1 activates the promoter of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs),20
which play a critical role in acute, fulminant hepatitis by degrading the extracellular matrix and allowing massive leukocyte influx in the liver21 and is involved in cancer migration, growth, and vasculogenesis.22 Indeed, our qRT-PCR analysis revealed increased expression of MMP-9 and MMP-13, but not MMP-2 in the livers of core Tg mice given DEN/Pb, as compared to carcinogen-treated WT mice, and abrogation of check details this induction by c-Jun deficiency (Fig. 4A). Induction of MMP-9 in core Tg mice is also confirmed by zymography (Fig. 4B). Concomitantly, proinflammatory cytokines known to induce MMPs, such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and tumor necrosis
factor-α (TNF-α),23 are up-regulated in core Tg mice and similarly repressed by c-Jun deficiency (Fig. 4A). IL-6 which is a known agonist for STAT3 activation and implicated in carcinogenesis,19, 24, 25 is also induced in core Tg mice in a c-Jun–dependent manner (Fig. 4A). HCV core induces inducible NO synthase (iNOS), RNS/ROS generation, and DNA hypermutation in vitro,18 and these changes are implicated in enhanced double-strand DNA breaks and increased levels of oxidatively damaged DNA (8-oxodG) in the livers of core Tg mice.13 Indeed, our analysis shows up-regulation of iNOS in core Tg mice and its abrogation by c-Jun deficiency, suggesting that the core protein is upstream of c-Jun, which contributes to DNA damage via iNOS induction. To test direct activation of AP-1 by the core protein, we next performed a transient transfection experiment using an AP-1 reporter construct and primary hepatocytes from WT (c-jun+/+) and c-Jun–deficient (c-jun−/−) mice.
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- S1) Cells recorded from wires located outside the core and shell