1353 and 0.8536 when r = 1.0, respectively, while BA and BAM reach the best values 1.3626 and 0.4591 when r = 0.1 and r = 0.2, respectively, among the optima when multiple runs are made. Table 15 shows evidently that BAM performed better (on average) than BA on all the groups, and BA and BAM reach Vorinostat HDAC3 the worst value 30.9979 and 12.3230 when r = 1.0 and r = 0.1, respectively, while BA and BAM reach the best values 17.8310 and 6.4524 when r = 0.2 and r = 0.7, respectively, among the worst values when multiple runs are made. Table 16 shows
In the pregenomic era, it was a common assumption that complex organisms, with complex body plans and tissue types, had higher genetic complexity than simpler organisms; that unique features corresponded to unique genes.
As more and more organisms have had their genomes sequenced, it has become apparent that there are enormous genetic similarities between organisms as diverse as vertebrates, corals and mollusks (see review in [1]). Even in a gene-counting sense, there is little correlation with organismal complexity [2], humans have somewhat more genes than fruit flies or nematodes, but less than pufferfish, cress, or rice [3�C5]. If it is not novel genes, what, then, is the source of organismal diversity? It has become increasingly apparent that evolution acts chiefly on gene regulation, on the mechanisms by which a particular gene is expressed or repressed. In the genome, only a small percentage of DNA is involved in coding proteins.
It has been realized that the far greater proportion of non-protein-coding DNA (formerly called ��junk DNA��) is of critical importance in gene regulation, containing, for example, binding sites for enzymes which activate or inhibit expression of particular genes [6].The diverse organismal forms we see are generated during the process of development, Cilengitide proceeding from sexual or asexual reproduction to the adult form. Development depends critically on the regulated expression of genes at the correct times and places in order to create an organism’s anatomy and physiology. While DNA is commonly referred to as the unique ��blueprint�� of an organism, current understanding suggests that DNA is far from a catalogue associating specific genes for specific tissue types; rather the genome (especially in eukaryotes) tends to code for relatively few, multifunctional, proteins (~20,000 in humans), along with the markers which enable the genes for these proteins to be regulated in very complex ways. It is this regulation that enables genes to be expressed at the correct times and places. (See special feature on ��Describing biology’s dark matter�� in the September 6, 2012, issue of Nature).
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