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J Antimicrob Chemother 1978,4(5):455–457.CrossRefPubMed 17. Russell JB: The Energy Spilling Reactions of Bacteria and Other Organisms. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2007,13(1–3):1–11.CrossRefPubMed 18. Barza M, Miao PV: Antimicrobial spectrum, pharmacology and therapeutic use of antibiotics. Part 3: cephalosporins. Am J Hosp Pharm 1977,34(6):621–629.PubMed 19. Watanakunakorn C: Mode of action and in-vitro activity of vancomycin. J Antimicrob Chemother 1984,14(Suppl D):7–18.PubMed 20. Chopra I, Hesse L, O’Neill AJ: Exploiting current learn more understanding of antibiotic action for discovery of new drugs. J Appl Microbiol 2002,92(s1):4S-15S.CrossRefPubMed 21. Maxwell A: DNA gyrase as a drug target. Biochem Soc Trans 1999,27(2):48–53.PubMed 22.
Georgopapadakou NH, Smith SA, Sykes RB: Mode of action of azthreonam. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982,21(6):950–956.PubMed 23. Davies J, Spiegelman GB, Yim G: The world of subinhibitory antibiotic concentrations. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006,9(5):445–453.CrossRefPubMed Authors’ www.selleckchem.com/products/sn-38.html contributions AUD, DW and UVA conceived the study. UVA performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. AUD, DW and UVA evaluated the results. AUD and DW revised the manuscript. All authors read and agreed to the manuscript.”
“Background Porphyromonas gingivalis has been GPX6 shown to be a major etiologic agent of destructive adult periodontitis, with a significant lifestyle component
harbored within the complex multi-species biofilm (dental plaque) that develops along the gingival margins [1]. The bacterium expresses a number of potential virulence factors, such as long (major) and short (minor) fimbriae, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and proteases [2]. Among these factors, a unique class of cysteine proteinases, termed gingipains, composed of arginine-specific [Arg-gingipain A and B, (RgpA and RgpB, respectively)] and lysine-specific (Kgp) proteases, are implicated in a wide range of both pathological and physiological processes [3]. Proteases can be post-translationally processed for retention on the cell surface or secretion into the extracellular milieu. Rgp enzymes are glycosylated, with their carbohydrate domain containing phosphorylated branched mannans that can contribute to the anchoring of Rgp on bacterial outer membrane [4]. In addition, this phosphorylated branched mannan constitutes an exopolysaccharide that is distinguishable from both LPS and the serotypeable capsule polysaccharides of P. gingivalis [4].
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