Although the difference in overall average yield between 2011 and 2012 cannot be attributed to the fungicide application
(since plots were sprayed both years), it is worth noting that fungicide application had a statistical significant effect on overall yield (Table 3). Overall, at the 5% probability level, the treated plots were typically 286.45 kg/ha greater than the untreated plots, regardless of the location and year. The fungal diseases Septoria, leaf rust, and stripe rust were not detected in both the treated and untreated plots during the two years analyzed. This may be because 2011 and 2012 were years of moderate and low disease pressure respectively, but also the cultivars considered in the study are moderately resistant to fungi. Unlike these fungal diseases, barley yellow dwarf (BYD) infected both the treated
and untreated http://www.selleckchem.com/products/nivolumab.html plots only at the Howe location in 2011. Overall, the BYD infection levels at the Howe location in 2011 averaged 1.31% in the treated plots and 1.42% in the untreated plots (Table 4). Coker 9553 Anti-infection Compound Library price had the lowest infection level (1.04% on average) and the highest overall yield (5646 kg/ha on average) in the presence of BYD (Table 4). In 2011, wheat yield from the treated plots was not statistically different from the untreated plots at the 5% probability level (Table 3). Several studies report statistical differences in yield between fungicide treated and untreated plots (Reid and Swart, 2004 and Wiik and Rosenqvist, 2010). Although the
emergence of BYD at Howe after the fungicide was applied may have affected yield in 2011, BYD is not likely to have been the reason for this statistical insignificance, Farnesyltransferase since it affected both the treated and untreated plots at about the same rate (Table 4). The statistical insignificance may be attributed to the fact that 2011 was a year of moderate disease pressure, which means there probably was minimal potential yield loss between the treated and untreated groups at the time the fungicide was applied. Unlike 2011 and even when 2012 was a year of low disease pressure, there was statistical difference on overall yield between the treated and untreated plots in 2012 (Table 3). Regardless of the location and cultivar, in 2012, wheat yield from the treated plots was on average 517 kg/ha greater than the wheat yield from the untreated plots (Table 3). On average in 2012, Coker 9553, Terral LA841, Magnolia, and Pioneer 25R47 yields from the treated plots were 6.40%, 4.26%, 16.01%, and 11.92% greater than their respective untreated plots (Table 7). In 2004, Reid and Swart (2004) reported yield increases of treated plots over untreated plots that ranged from 34% to 41% for a variety that was highly susceptible to stripe rust but resistant to leaf rust (Agripro Patton) in Royse City, TX. Thompson et al.
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