Although the level of exercise was the same for all the exercised

Although the level of exercise was the same for all the exercised groups and the heat stress was indistinguishable among the protein sources, the greatest enhancement of HSP70 for the gastrocnemius, soleus and lung was observed in animals consuming the WPH diet. The increase in HSP70 has been reported to protect intestinal epithelial cells, reduce tissue damage, ease recovery from critical illnesses, including the recovery of striated

muscle after exercise, promote longevity, INCB018424 purchase reduce cell mortality, protect lung against inflammatory injury induced by sepsis, and increase tolerance and resistance against various kinds of cell injury (Salway et al., 2011, Singleton and Wischmeyer, 2007 and Wischmeyer et al., 2001). HSP70 expression may protect and exert anti-apoptotic effects in lungs exposed to hypoxia stress. Hypoxia is a stressor for living organisms and many kinds of physiological or pathological processes are induced by hypoxia. Exercise can cause hypoxia in the body, and the lung is the primary organ directly exposed to the hypoxic situation (Kim et al. 2006). Our study suggests that whey protein hydrolysate was a factor that enhanced the exercise-induced HSP70 system. It is also well documented that the administration of glutamine can promote a dose-dependent increase in HSP70 as a form of protection Alectinib in vivo against various forms of injury (Wischmeyer et al. PAK6 2001).

The proposed mechanism by which glutamine increases HSP70 appears to be an enhancement of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (Hamiel, Pinto, Hau, & Wischmeyer 2009), and this protective effect of glutamine may be related to the increase in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). When Singleton and Wischmeyer (2007) silenced the HSP70 gene, the administration of glutamine did not reduce the damage markers. These findings suggest that HSP70 expression is required for glutamine to affect the survival of injured tissue. Whey proteins contain generous amounts of glutamine and BCAAs, and these amino acids (BCAAs) could be a source of readily

available nitrogen for the endogenous glutamine-synthetase-mediated synthesis of glutamine. The concentrations of the free amino acids isoleucine and leucine were increased in the plasma of the sedentary animals consuming the WPH diet, compared to either casein or whey protein, thus showing the greater availability of these amino acids in the WPH group for the eventual biosynthesis of glutamine. In contrast, the exercised animals in the WPH diet demonstrated other alterations in the free amino acid profiles, including reduced concentrations of leucine and valine, amino nitrogen donors, and glutamate used for glutamine synthesis. Consistent with the abovementioned decreases in the plasma concentration of glutamine precursors, there was also an increase in the GS in the soleus of the animals that also consumed WPH.

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