e. female-like urogenital papilla, occurred in one of the intersex individuals. The investigated stations were situated in the Gulf of Gdańsk which is one of the most contaminated Polish coastal areas (Andrulewicz and Witek, 2002 and HELCOM, 2010). Gdynia Harbour is the 3rd biggest merchant port of Poland with active shipyards as well as navy, fishing
and tourist fleet. In its sediments, in years preceding collection of fish in this study, EDCs such as PCBs, PAHs and DDTs, some of which are known to be estrogenic (Pait and Nelson, 2002), have been identified, usually at relatively low levels not exceeding limit values obligatory in Poland (Falandysz et al., 2006, Ministry of Environment, 2002 and Port of Gdynia Authority, 2003). The only cases of exceeding those limits were reported for some PAHs in single samples collected MDV3100 order at different locations of the Harbour in 2003 and 2005 (Port of Gdynia Authority S.A., 2003–2006). Hel Harbour is a base for local fishing and tourist fleet, neighbouring with military port in Hel. There is no data for this inshore
area on concentrations of EDCs in sediments, however at sites farther away from the shore relatively low levels of PAHs were measured (Lubecki and Kowalewska, 2010), which might indicates presence of those compounds in the shallow zone as well. Even though some EDCs were identified in the Gulf of Gdańsk, there are no constant monitoring programmes for these contaminations. Everolimus manufacturer Moreover, almost each research that has been taken in order to investigate EDCs considered different sampling stations which makes it impossible to accurately evaluate their variations. As only two
stations, that might be considered contaminated, were investigated in this work, in the future, less polluted 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase reference sites should be studied. On the basis of research concerning concentrations of PCBs, PAHs and DDTs in the Gulf of Gdańsk (Lubecki and Kowalewska, 2010 and Pazdro, 2004) these sites might be situated in the vicinity of Sopot (in the inner part of the Gulf) and at the outer side of the Hel Peninsula (at the open sea shoreline, e.g. near Władysławowo). There are number of studies reporting increased occurrence of intersex in gonochoristic populations of fish as a result of exposure to EDCs. However, there is evidence that in some of these species low levels of intersex might also occur spontaneously (Bahamonde et al., 2013). N. melanostomus is a strict gonochorist ( Moiseeva, 1983), and there are no reports on naturally occurring rates of spontaneous intersex in this species. However, presence of intersex individuals and altered secondary sexual characteristics, as an effect of exposure to EDCs, had been previously found in N. melanostomus at heavily polluted sites of Hamilton Harbour in Lake Ontario (Canada), where it was also shown as one of the most sensitive species to endocrine disruptions ( Marentette et al., 2010). Intersex was first identified in 12.
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