For each value of parameter IPR, 1,000 independent simulations were carried out. Wallace coefficients for ST and CC predicting CSP type were calculated for each of the final 1,000 populations. Probability density functions for the Wallace distributions were determined by kernel density estimation with a Gaussian kernel function. All simulations and computations were done in Matlab version 7.7. Acknowledgements This work was partially supported by Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (PTDC/SAU-ESA/64888/2006, PTDC/SAU-ESA/71499/2006 and PIC/IC/83065/2007), Fundação Calouste SGC-CBP30 Gulbenkian, the European
Union (CAREPNEUMO – Combating antibiotic resistance pneumococci by novel strategies based on in vivo and in vitro host-pathogen interactions, FP7-HEALTH-2007-223111) and an unrestricted grant from
Glaxo Smithkline Portugal. MC is supported by a research grant Torin 1 research buy from Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BD/35854/2007). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1 – Pherotype distribution arranged by serotype in the pneumococcal collection. Odds ratios (OR) represent the strength of the association between a pherotype and a particular serotype. In each case, if the OR is significantly > 1, CSP-1 is associated with the serotype and if OR is significantly < 1 means that the serotype is enriched in CSP-2. (PDF 47 KB) Additional file 2: Table S2 - Pherotype distribution arranged by PFGE cluster in the pneumococcal collection. Odds ratios (OR) represent the strength of the association between a pherotype and a particular PFGE cluster. In each case, if the OR is significantly > 1, CSP-1 is associated with the PFGE cluster and if OR is significantly < 1 means that the PFGE cluster is enriched in CSP-2. (PDF 49 KB) References 1. Maynard Smith J, Dowson CG, Spratt BG: Localized sex in bacteria. Nature 1991, Thiamet G 349:29–31.CrossRef 2. Maynard Smith J: The role
of sex in bacterial evolution. J Hered 1993, 84:326–327. 3. Gogarten JP, Doolittle WF, Lawrence JG: Prokaryotic CYC202 research buy evolution in light of gene transfer. Mol Biol Evol 2002, 19:2226–2238.PubMed 4. Feil EJ: Small change: keeping pace with microevolution. Nat Rev Microbiol 2004, 2:483–495.CrossRefPubMed 5. Kilian M, Poulsen K, Blomqvist T, Havarstein LS, Bek-Thomsen M, Tettelin H, Sorensen UB: Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its close commensal relatives. PLoS ONE 2008, 3:e2683.CrossRefPubMed 6. Griffith F: The significance of pneumococcal types. The Journal of Hygiene 1928, 27:113–159.CrossRefPubMed 7. Tomasz A: Control of the competent state in pneumococcus by a hormone-like cell product: an example for a new type of regulatory mechanism in bacteria. Nature 1965, 208:155–159.CrossRefPubMed 8. Waters CM, Bassler BL: Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2005, 21:319–346.CrossRefPubMed 9.
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