In the initial validation study with 226 smokers not seeking treatment and who were tobacco deprived for at least 2 hr before testing (Berlin et al., 2005), the FTCQ accounted cisplatin dna for 11.6%, 17.1%, 9.0%, and 9.5% of the total variance in emotionality, expectancy, compulsivity, and purposefulness (Factors 1�C4), respectively. Factor scale means for Factors 1�C4, respectively, were 2.8, 5.6, 4.0, and 5.4, and Cronbach��s alpha coefficients were .83, .79, .69, and .66. Table 1. Brief French version of the TCQ (FTCQ-12) Fagerstr?m Test for Nicotine Dependence The six-item FTND is a reliable and valid measure of nicotine dependence (Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerstr?m, 1991) and has been validated with French smokers (Berlin et al., 2005). Scores range from 0 to 10.
We used the FTND to characterize the sample and to distinguish highly dependent (��6) from less dependent (��5) smokers (Fagerstr?m et al., 1996; Ferguson et al., 2003). Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale We used the French version of the 8-item Minnesota Nicotine Withdrawal Scale (MNWS; Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986) to assess craving and DSM-IV withdrawal symptoms (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Items were rated on a 1�C4 interval scale (not present to severe). Following the recommendations of its developers (Hughes & Hatsukami, 1998), the one item assessing tobacco craving (MNWS craving) was scored separately. The remaining seven items (depression, insomnia, irritability/frustration/anger, anxiety, difficulty concentrating, restlessness, and increased appetite) were summed, then averaged to yield a total score (DSM-IV withdrawal).
The individual craving item and the total score have high reliability and good construct validity (Cappelleri et al., 2005; Hughes & Hatsukami, 1986; West, Ussher, Evans, & Rashid, 2006). Data analyses We conducted CFA using maximum Wishart likelihood estimation and oblique rotation without normalization to a least squares fit to match the four-factor FTCQ target matrix. Target specification for the assignment of FTCQ-12 items to each respective factor matched the manner in which items were assigned to the same factor in the FTCQ: Factor 1 (emotionality) included Items 3, 6, 10, and 12; Factor 2 (expectancy) included Items 1, 4, and 7; Factor 3 (compulsivity) included Items 2, 5, and 8; and Factor 4 (purposefulness) included Items 9 and 11.
Models GSK-3 assumed no higher order factors, correlated first-order factors, and uncorrelated residuals. Goodness of fit for the unrotated factors was examined using the Steiger�CLind root mean squared error of approximation statistic (RMSEA; Steiger, 1980). We used hypothesis tests developed to test the statistical significance of the fit (Browne & Cudeck, 1993) for the four-factor model, with exceedance probabilities for excellent fit and close fit (H0: RMSEA = 0 and H0: RMSEA �� 0.
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