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34. Burns K, Clatworthy J, Martin L, Martinon F, Plumpton C, Maschera B, Lewis A, Ray K, Tschopp J, Volpe F: Tollip, a new component of the R788 cell line IL-1RI pathway, links IRAK to the IL-1 receptor. Nat Cell Biol 2000, 2:346–351.CrossRefPubMed 35. Zhang G, Ghosh S: Negative regulation of toll-like receptor- mediated signaling by Tollip. J Biol Chem 2002, 277:7059–7065.CrossRefPubMed 36. Otte JM, Cario E, Podolsky DK: Mechanisms of cross hyporesponsiveness to Toll-like receptor bacterial ligands in intestinal epithelial cells. Gastroenterol 2004, 126:1054–1070.CrossRef Competing interests second The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions NT, YT, JV and HK conceived the study; NT, YT, JV, SI, HI, TS and HK designed the study; NT, YT, JV, KM, TT and EC did the laboratory work. NT, YT, JV, MT, TS, HA, YS, YK, HK analysed the data. NT, YT, JV and HK wrote the manuscript; all authors read and approved the manuscript.”
“Background The discovery and development of antibiotics have revolutionised medicine in the 20th century. However their widespread and sometimes AR-13324 chemical structure negligent usage led to the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance which reduced their efficiency as therapeutic agents [1]. Nowadays, diseases caused by bacterial pathogens resistant to variety of antimicrobial agents are more frequent in medical practice than just a few years ago. This issue has huge impact in terms of lives and health care expenses [2].

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