Louis, MO) was injected i v into B6, H1H2RKO, and H3H4RKO mice o

Louis, MO) was injected i.v. into B6, H1H2RKO, and H3H4RKO mice on d10 post immunization. CSF and blood were collected after 4 h. Both CSF and plasma samples, prepared by centrifugation at 3000 rpm for 15 min, were diluted in PBS, and the fluorescence intensity was measured with a microplate fluorescence reader (Flx-800-I, Bio-Tek Instruments Inc., Winooski, VT) using the software KC-4, with an excitation wavelength of 485 nm and an emission wavelength of 528 nm. The BBB permeability index is expressed as the ratio of the fluorescence intensity of the CSF (ICSF) divided by the fluorescence intensity of the plasma (IBlood). For ex vivo cytokine assays, spleen and DLNs were obtained from

d10 immunized mice. Single-cell https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BAY-73-4506.html suspensions at 1 × 106 cells/mL in RPMI 1640 medium (Cellgro Mediatech, Manassas, VA) plus 10%

FBS (HyClone) were stimulated with 50 μg of MOG35–55. Cell culture supernatants were recovered at 72 h and assayed for IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 by ELISA. Mice were immunized for EAE induction, and spleen and DLNs were harvested on d10. Single-cell suspensions were prepared, and 5 × 105 cells/well in RPMI 1640 (10% FBS) were plated on standard 96-well U-bottom tissue culture plates and stimulated with 0, 1, 2, 10, and 50 μg of MOG35–55 for 72 h at 37°C. During the last 18 h of culture, 1 μCi of [3H] thymidine (PerkinElmer) selleck chemicals was added. Cells were harvested onto glass fiber filters and

thymidine uptake was determined with a liquid scintillation counter. From the DLNs and spleen, CD4+ T cells were isolated by negative selection as previously described (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) [[31]]. In culture, purified CD4+ T cells (1×106 cells/mL) were stimulated with anti-CD3 (5 μg/mL) and anti-CD28 (1 μg/mL) mAbs (BD Biosciences-Pharmingen, San Jose, CA) for different time points (24, 48, and 72 h) and supernatants were analyzed for IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, and IL-17 production by ELISA using anti-IFN-γ, anti-IL-2, anti-IL-4, and anti-IL-17 mAbs and their respective biotinylated mAbs (BD Biosciences-Pharmingen, San Jose, CA). Single-cell suspensions of thymocytes, lymph node cells, and splenocytes were prepared and the red blood cells were lysed with ammonium chloride. Total numbers of Calpain cells were counted using the Advia 120 hematology analyzer (Bayer/Siemens, Tarrytown, NY). For flow cytometric analysis, the cells were washed twice and incubated for 30 min on ice with the desired fluorochrome-conjugated mAbs or isotype control immunoglobulin at 0.5 μg/106 cells. For the identification and phenotypic analysis of TR cells (CD4+CD8−TCRβ+Foxp3+), the following surface antimouse mAb were used: anti-CD4 (MCD0417, Caltag), anti-CD8, and anti-CD25 (53–6.7, PC61; BD Pharmingen, San Jose, CA); anti-TCRβ, and anti-Foxp3 staining set (H57-5987 and FJK-16s; eBioscience, San Diego, CA), according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

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