Objective: To evaluate the impact of varying levels of alcohol consumption on depressive symptoms over time in patients with and without HIV infection.
Design: We used data from the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS). We used generalized estimating equation models to assess the association of alcohol-related learn more categories, as a fixed effect, on the time-varying outcome of depressive symptoms.
Participants: VACS is a prospectively enrolled cohort study of HIV-infected patients and age-, race- and site-matched HIV uninfected
patients.
Main measures: Hazardous, binge drinking, alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence were defined using standard criteria. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9).
Key results: Among selleck chemicals llc the 2446 patients, 19% reported past but not current alcohol use, 50% non-hazardous drinking, 8% hazardous drinking, 14% binge drinking, and 10% met criteria for alcohol or dependence. At baseline, depressive symptoms were higher in hazardous and binge drinkers than in past and nonhazardous drinkers (OR = 2.65; CI = 1.50/4.69; p < .001) and similar to those with abuse or dependence. There was no difference in the association between alcohol-related category and depressive symptoms by HIV status (OR = 0.99; CI -.83/1.18; p = .88). Hazardous drinkers were 2.53 (95% CI = 1.34/4.81) times
and binge drinkers were 2.14(95% CI = 1.49/3.07) times more likely to meet criteria for depression when compared to non-hazardous drinkers. The associations between alcohol consumption and depressive symptoms persisted over three years and were responsive to changes in alcohol-related categories.
Conclusions: HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected hazardous and binge drinkers have depressive symptoms that are more severe than non-hazardous and non-drinkers and similar BGJ398 to those with alcohol abuse or dependence. Patients who switch to a higher or lower level of drinking experience a similar alteration in their depressive symptoms. Interventions to decrease unhealthy
alcohol consumption may improve depressive symptoms. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“This review addresses selected aspects of the management of severe healthcare-associated infections due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), including the limitations of current therapy, potential alternative agents, new therapeutic options, clinical approaches to MRSA bacteraemia/endocarditis and ventilator-associated pneumonia, and strategies to improve outcomes in patients with severe MRSA infections.”
“Background: The cardiac pacemaker (PM) implantation rate per million is high. Earlier studies have found interference to PMs by electromagnetic fields. The aim of the study is to investigate disturbances in cardiac PM using a human-shaped phantom in electric and magnetic fields of 400-kV power lines.
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