Pathological mechanisms underlying ventricular enlargement, however, are likely specific to the condition under investigation. Here, multimodal imaging, incorporating
structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), MR spectroscopy (MRS), and diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), was used in rats exposed to binge ethanol (EtOH) to provide insight into a mechanism of reversible ventricular FHPI chemical structure enlargement. During intoxication, MRI revealed expansion of ventricles, but volume changes in dorsal or ventral hippocampi, caudate-putamen, or thalamus were not detectible. MRS of whole-brain parenchyma showed decreases in N-acetylasparate (NAA) and tissue water T2, and increases in choline-containing compounds (Cho). DWI showed decreased diffusivity selective to the thalamus. All MR parameters returned to baseline with 7 days of recovery. Rapid recovery of ventricular volume and the absence of detectable tissue volume reductions in brain regions adjacent to ventricles argue against atrophy as a mechanism of ventricular expansion. Decreased tissue water T2
and decreased thalamic diffusivity suggest lower tissue water content and a role for both NAA and Cho, as osmolytes is proposed. Together, these data support a model of fluid redistribution during acute EtOH intoxication and recovery to account for rapid ventricular volume changes. Neuropsychopharmacology (2013) 38, 1121-1129; doi:10.1038/npp.2013.11; published online 27 February 2013″
“Herpes Selleckchem Buparlisib simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) can establish
life-long latent infection in sensory neurons, from which periodic reactivation can occur. During latency, viral gene expression is largely restricted to the latency-associated transcripts (LATs). While not essential for any phase of latency, to date the LATs have been shown to increase the efficiency of both establishment and reactivation of latency in small-animal models. We sought to investigate the role of LAT expression in the frequency of latency establishment within the ROSA26R reporter mouse model utilizing Cre recombinase-encoding recombinant viruses harboring deletions of the core LAT promoter (LAP) region. HSV-1 LAT expression was observed to influence the number of latently infected neurons in trigeminal but not dorsal root ganglia. Furthermore, the relative frequencies Adenosine of latency establishment of LAT-positive and LAT-negative viruses are influenced by the inoculum dose following infection of the mouse whisker pads. Finally, analysis of the infected cell population at two latent time points revealed a relative loss of latently infected cells in the absence of LAT expression. We conclude that the HSV-1 LATs facilitate the long-term stability of the latent cell population within the infected host and that interpretation of LAT establishment phenotypes is influenced by infection methodology.
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